<p>Northern District Police Station is a historic police station located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a complex of interconnected buildings designed in the late Victorian/French Renaissance style consisting of a three-story main station house with a hipped roof and dormers; a connected two story building which had originally housed the cellblock; and a pair of hipped roof garages which were originally used as livery buildings. They are in turn connected to an "L"-shaped building consisting of the original clerestoried stable and flat roofed garage. The buildings encircle a courtyard which is now used as a parking lot. It was designed by Henry F. Brauns in 1899.</p><br>
<p>Northern District Police Station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Eastern High School, established in 1844, , was a historic all-female, public high school located on East 33rd Street  at Loch Raven Boulevard , until closed in 1986. The old 1936-1938 brick with limestone trim school building was renovated in the 1990s and is currently owned and used for offices by the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The last of several buildings in its 140-some year history was a three story, "H"-shaped structure, with a main lateral section and four projecting wings. It has a steel and concrete superstructure frame with red brick cladding and carved limestone trim in the Tudor Revival (or Jacobethan)style. One of two historically female public high schools in Baltimore City, the Eastern Female High School (along with "twin sister" Western High) were both established in 1844, a few months apart, as the first of their kind in the nation. E.H.S. was located in several buildings over the years including an earlier landmark Greek Revival styled structure on Aisquith Street off Orleans Street, in East Baltimore&#39;s Jonestown/Old Town neighborhood, designed by R. Snowden Andrews and later relocated to the southeast corner of Broadway and East North Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The fourth major building on the newly laid-out "33rd Street Boulevard" in the former Venable Park, laid out as a system of coordinated parks and boulevards along the citys western, northern and eastern sides of stream valleys in the former Baltimore County rural/suburban areas annexed in 1888 and more recently in 1918-1919 (part of a famous 1904 Report and later 1926 revision Plan) by landscape architectural firm of the famed Frederick Law Olmsted, who also designed New Yorks Central Park in 1858, and Baltimore&#39;s Druid Hill Park in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>Across from old Municipal Stadium (also known as "Baltimore Stadium" or "Venable Stadium) on the north side, which had then been newly erected in less than seven months in 1922, under the urging of a dominant mayor for college and high school football and occasional other sporting events, with the future hope of once again establishing the towns reputation as a haven for "major league" sports. Municipal Stadium with huge seating bowl recessed and carved into the landscape and its Greek Porticoes and columns facing the street and schools. Less than two decades later, it was rebuilt and enlarged in 1950-1954 and renamed Memorial Stadium (for the recent city World War II casualties and veterans) as a huge enticing venue for new major league/nationwide sports - the Baltimore Colts professional football team was the first in the old All-America Football Conference of 1947-1949, and later transferred/merged in the reorganized National Football League in 1950 and then a permanent franchise in 1953, that soon won the hearts and tickets of Baltimoreans, winning two world championships by 1958 and 1959. A second upper-deck was added by April 1954, for the arrival of the new Baltimore Orioles baseball which returned to the American League, becoming contenders by 1960 and winning their first pennant in 1966. So for almost three-and-a-half decades of the 1950s, 60s 70s and part of the 80s, the girls of Eastern High&#39;s school life (along with neighboring City College with an all-boys student body until 1979, and the more distant 1955-era Mergenthaler Vocational-Technical High School on Hillen Road, several blocks to the northeast) was occasionally dominated by the thousands of fans crowding the streets, filling the stands with cheers and screams along with the grid-lock of parking cars across the street and throughout the nearby adjacent Waverly and the Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello neighborhoods.</p><br>
<p>The new Eastern High School, construction of which began in 1936, during the Great Depression of the Thirties, had opened in 1938, ten years after its "sister school" Western occupied a similarly styled, almost "twin" building in northwest Baltimore on Gwynns Falls Parkway at the intersection with Reisterstown Road and Park Heights Avenue, across from the old financier George Browns "Mondawmin" 1840s mansion and estate, later became the site of Mondawmin Mall and shopping center by famed developer James Rouse (of future "Harborplace" fame at the "Inner Harbor", south of the downtown central business district). The E.H.S. building, like previous Western High, designed a decade earlier by James R. Edmunds, Jr. and Herbert G. Crisp, admired for its grandeur and style with the large tree-shaded and park-like 40-some campus was used continuously until 1986, two years after the high school was forced by the Baltimore City Board of School Commissioners to co-educate and admit male students.</p><br>
<p>It was when a task force in the early 1980s examining Eastern and its building conditions, curriculums and admissions standards (similar to that earlier at neighboring B.C.C.), instituted a last-ditch special "magnet" business education curriculum that was only attended by a small minority of qualified citywide students which were housed in the same building with the rest of the student body attending from the local "zoned" neighborhood attending with no special considerations or standards. The weak and in-efficient academic program, unlike the now thriving City Colleges "humanities, liberal arts and classics" emphasis across the street with its now strict admission requirements, along with new Polys continued high standards in mathematics, science, engineering and technology and the adjacent happily functioning all-girls student body at the remaining Western High in their two-decade old modernistic buildings.</p><br>
<p>Finally, when the BCPS school system was evaluated as now having too many high schools and total high student seats (following its massive building spree of the 1970s) Eastern was designated to be eliminated and closed, partly in consideration that its building, now almost a half-century old, was in need of major modernizations and upgrades (similar to those previously expended at neighboring City College at a cost of $9 million, five years before). Even civic activist, financial watchdog and City Comptroller Hyman A. Pressman spoke out for closing Eastern, one of the oldest girls public high schools in America. So by the middle 1980s, the long traditions with the "green and gold" colors of Eastern High were lowered, and the school itself was closed. As a last-minute "sop" to the protesting Alumnae Association, the remaining student body were incorporated into the nearby recently constructed (in 1971) and massively huge (one of the largest high schools in America when opened) Lake Clifton High School (that later formed and renamed Lake Clifton Eastern High School) in Clifton Park in northeast Baltimore, off Harford Road. Supposedly this new "Lake Clifton-Eastern" was to continue the history and traditions of the former girls school, as Western High still continued the traditions of Single-sex education on Falls Road.</p><br>
<p>The so-called "Lake Clifton-Eastern" continued staggeringly for another two decades until it too was plagued with low graduation rates and test scores including a significant amount of internal school crime. L.C.-E.H.S. was declared "surplus" and the building was reorganized by the early 2000s, under e new reorganized BCPS with a state-city partnership and reorganized School Board (appointed by both the Governor and the Mayor) and new superintendent (now split into two positions, known as "C.E.O."- "Chief Executive Officer" and "C.A.O." - "Chief Academic Officer") with several smaller public and "charter" schools within the complex. To the east, across recently constructed Loch Raven Boulevard was the Baltimore City College an all-male public high school founded in 1839 in downtown Baltimore and re-located here in 1928 to its landmark eighth building of collegiate Gothic architecture with a 150-foot tower nicknamed "the Castle on the Hill". One of the most historically significant and with noteworthy education of the public high schools in Maryland and The South, it has been co-educated since 1979, when its curriculum and admission standards were raised after a two-year-long physical renovation and academic report by a "New City College Task Force", approved by the School Board. From 1938 with its initial construction to the unfortunate closure of Eastern, the campuses of "City-Eastern" cooperated together occasionally in academics and served as a counterbalance to the later construction in 1965-1967 of the "Poly-Western complex" of high schools in the north part of the city with Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, (also all-male until 1974), and its now neighboring all-female Western High School at the northwest corner of West Cold Spring Lane and Falls Road. The old Eastern High building has been renovated in the 1990s, considered a historical/architectural landmark in the City and is currently owned and used for offices by the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, a part of the Johns Hopkins Hospital and the Johns Hopkins University institutions.</p><br>
<p>Eastern High School was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000, which is maintained by the National Park Service of the USA Department of the Interior.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumnae and faculty</h2><br>
<p>Virginia S. Baker, class of 1939, civil servant and namesake of the Virginia S. Baker Recreation Center Patterson Park</p><br>
<p>Laura J. Cairnes, the first woman principal of the E.H.S. in 1924, when it was located on the southeast corner of East North Avenue and Broadway.</p><br>
<p>Elsie Shutt, first woman to start a software business in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Mount Mabu is a mountain in northern Mozambique, famous for its old-growth rainforest. Mount Mabu is approximately 1,700 m high and the forest covers about 7,000 hectare. While well-known locally, the Mount Mabu forest and its extremely diverse wildlife were unknown to plant and animal scientists until 2005. It was "discovered" by scientists from Kew Royal Botanic Gardens by browsing Google Earth&#39;s satellite view to look for potential unknown wildlife hotspots in Africa. It is frequently referred to as the "Google Forest".</p><br>
<p>Several new species have been discovered in the Mount Mabu forest. The isolation of the rainforest, surrounded by savannah, makes it likely that it is host to many previously undiscovered species. Named species so far include:</p><br>
<p>Helixanthera schizocalyx, a tropical mistletoe in the Loranthaceae family. It is a hairless parasitic shrub that attaches to tree branches, growing up to 50 cm high.</p><br>
<p>Nadzikambia baylissi, a pygmy chameleon. It is only the second species in what was previously a monotypic genus, Nadzikambia.</p><br>
<p>Atheris mabuensis, a bush viper.</p><br>
<p>Cymothoe baylissi, a butterfly.</p><br>
<p>Other newly discovered species include four butterflies, two more species of snakes, a species of crab, and five plants. There are likely many more new species in the forest, with likely candidates so far including a shrew, a pseudo-scorpion, frogs, snails, bats, catfish, and various insects.</p><br>
<p>Among 126 species of birds identified, there are seven new populations of globally threatened species of birds in the forest, including the Thyolo alethe, whose other populations are all threatened by logging and deforestation. Others include Swynnerton&#39;s robin and Namuli apalis.</p><br>
<p>In June 2009, the Mozambique government announced that they would establish conservation measures to prevent commercial logging. The Mabu forest is believed to be the largest medium-altitude rainforest in Africa. African forests that are unspoiled by logging and other human activity are rare. The Mount Mabu forest is surrounded by areas devastated by the Mozambican Civil War (1977-1992). Poor road access, ignorance of the forest, and its use as a refuge for local villagers during the war all contributed to its protection. No records of previous expeditions or collecting trips have been discovered.</p><br>
<p>The Jennings River is a river in far northern British Columbia, Canada, rising in the northern reaches of the Stikine Ranges of the Cassiar Mountains, at first running southwest, then turning northeast near the Tuya Range to enter Teslin Lake at its southern end, just to the east of the estuary of the Teslin River; also joining the lake in the same area is the Hayes River. The lower reaches of the Jennings form the boundary of the Nisutlin Plateau, which extends north into the Yukon along the eastern flank of Teslin Lake and to the west of the northernmost reaches of the Stikine Ranges; Simpson Peak is one of the few named summits in that region of the Stikines, and stands above the lower Jennings to the east of its estuary. To the south of the Jennings, west of the Tuya Range, is the Kawdy Plateau, which includes the small but rugged Atsutla Range, and southwest of which is the course of the Teslin River, which traverses the Kawdy, a subset of the Stikine Plateau, from south to north.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Black Spruce is a major tree in the Jennings River watershed; here the species is near the western limit of its range.</p><br>
<p>Pontsticill Reservoir  or Taf Fechan Reservoir is a large reservoir on the Taf Fechan lying partly in the county of Powys and partly within the county borough of Merthyr Tydfil in south Wales. It lies within the Brecon Beacons National Park and Fforest Fawr Geopark.</p><br>
<p>The 110 ft high embankment has, since its completion in 1927, been holding back 3400 million gallons of water for supply to industry and population to the south. The modern reservoir incorporates the earlier Pentwyn Reservoir (sometimes referred to as Dol-y-gaer Reservoir or Lake) which suffered major water losses after completion due to the presence of major fractures in the bedrock beneath its dam relating to the Neath Disturbance, a major geological fault which runs northeast to southwest through the area.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is popular with sailors, anglers and picnickers. The Taff Trail has been developed for walkers and cyclists and runs through the woods on the western side of the Reservoir. Merthyr Tydfil sailing club is based on the eastern bank and the Brecon Mountain Railway which runs up its eastern side from Pant Station to and on to Torpantau, the line&#39;s summit, since 1 April 2014. This steam railway runs on the route of the former Brecon and Merthyr Railway.</p><br>
<p>Most of the banks of the reservoir have been heavily afforested by Welsh Water though management of these woods is undertaken by the Forestry Commission on behalf of the company.</p><br>
<p>Part of the 2011 film Submarine was filmed on the reservoir walkway.</p><br>
<p>Vat Phou  is a ruined Khmer Hindu temple complex in southern Laos. It is located at the base of mount Phu kao, some 6 km from the Mekong in Champasak Province. There was a temple on the site as early as the 5th century, but the surviving structures date from the 11th to 13th centuries. The temple has a unique structure, in which the elements lead to a shrine where a lingam dedicated to Lord Shiva was bathed in water from a mountain spring. The site later became a centre of Theravada Buddhist worship, which it remains today.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Vat Phou was initially associated with the city of Shrestapura, which lay on the bank of the Mekong directly east of Lingaparvata Mountain (now called Phou Khao). By the latter part of the fifth century, the city was already the capital of a kingdom that texts and inscriptions connect with both the Chenla Kingdom and Champa and the first structure on the mountain was constructed around this time. The mountain gained spiritual importance from the lingam-shaped protuberance on its summit; the mountain itself was therefore considered the home of Shiva, and the river as representing the ocean or the Ganges. The temple was naturally dedicated to Shiva, while the water from the spring which emerges directly behind the temple was considered sacred.</p><br>
<p>Vat Phou was a part of the Khmer Empire centred on Angkor to the southwest, at least as early as the reign of Yasovarman I in the early 10th century. Shrestapura was superseded by a new city in the Angkorian period, located directly south of the temple. In the later period, the original buildings were replaced, re-using some of the stone blocks; the temple now seen was built primarily during the Koh Ker and Baphuon periods of the 11th century. Minor changes were made during the following two centuries, before the temple, like most in the empire, was converted to Theravada Buddhist use. This continued after the area came under control of the Lao, and a festival is held on the site each February. Little restoration work has been done, other than the restoration of boundary posts along the path. Vat Phou was designated a World Heritage Site in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>The site</h2><br>
<p>Like most Khmer temples, Vat Phou is orientated towards the east, although the axis actually faces eight degrees south of due east, being determined primarily by the orientation of the mountain and the river. Including the barays (reservoirs), it stretches 1.4 km east from the source of the spring, at the base of a cliff 100 m up the hill. 6 km east of the temple, on the west bank of the Mekong, lay the city, while a road south from the temple itself led to other temples and ultimately to the city of Angkor.</p><br>
<p>The two palaces stand on a terrace on either side of the axis. They are known as the north and south palaces or, without any evidence, the mens and womens palaces (the term "palace" is also a mere convention &mdash; their purpose is unknown). Each consisted of a rectangular courtyard with a corridor and entrance on the side towards the axis, and false doors at the east and west ends. The courtyards of both buildings have laterite walls; the walls of the northern palace&#39;s corridor are also laterite, while those of the southern palace are sandstone. The northern building is now in better condition. The palaces are notable chiefly for their pediments and lintels, which are in the early Angkor Wat style.</p><br>
<p>The next terrace has a small shrine to Nandi (Shiva&#39;s mount) to the south, in poor condition. The road connecting Vat Phou to Angkor ran south from this temple. Continuing west, successive staircases lead up further terraces; between them stands a dvarapala which has come to be worshipped as king Kammatha, mythical builder of the temple. On the narrow next terrace are the remains of six small shrines destroyed by treasure-hunters.</p><br>
<p>Other features of the area are a library, in poor condition, south of the sanctuary, and a relief of the Trimurti to the northwest. There are other carvings further north: a Buddha footprint on the cliff face, and boulders shaped to resemble elephants and a crocodile. The crocodile stone has acquired some notoriety as being possibly the site of an annual human sacrifice described in a sixth-century Chinese text; the identification is lent some plausibility by the similarity of the crocodile&#39;s dimensions to those of a human.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation projects</h2><br>
<p>After the first scientific description on the late 19th and early 20th century there has been little scientific activity at the site until the early 90s. With the Lao-UNESCO projects starting in 1987 and the designation as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001 archeological and conservational activities increased heavily. Examples of the most recent conservation projects are:</p><br>
<p>Global Heritage Fund, in association with the Lerici Institute (Italy) and the government of Laos, is providing emergency conservation of temple structures at this largest of archaeological sites in Laos. The stabilization and sustained conservation of Nandin Hall is the primary focus of these efforts, however the Global Heritage Fund-led team is working with local communities for training and development.</p><br>
<p>2005-2012: French-Lao cooperation project (French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs / Lao Ministryof Information and Culture): Priority Solidarity Funds "Vat Phou-Champasak, enhancement and development of the historical and cultural heritage" (FSP 2005-75). This project included restoration of the northern hall of the southern quadrangle (palace), cultural project on the intangible heritage of Champasak: Rediscovery of the Champasak Shadow Puppet Theatre and organization of a theatre tour in the villages of the district of Champasak accompanied by Cinema Tuk-tuk, Layout of the Sala and surroundings of Vat Phou site. Objectives of the project were: institutional support for the creation of a body specialized management of the site, training of the scientific, technical and administrative staff, and development of the site and its economic valuation.</p><br>
<p>2006: Restoration project for the temple of Nandin by the Italian mission</p><br>
<p>2009: Restoration project for the northern palace by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). The Indian Team from Archaeological survey of India, headed by Er. R. S. Jamwal, conducted studies of foundations, drainage problems, super structural elements as well as did the documentation, recording, survey work etc. for the Northern Quadrangle of temple complex. The conservation and Restoration work of Northern Quadrangle is likely to be commenced from ensuing working season.</p><br>
<p>2010: Restoration project for the southern palace, with Jean-Marc Houlteau, stonemason.</p><br>
<p>2011: Restoration project for the southern quadrangle (palace), with Jean-Marc Simon-Bernardini and Johann Gautreau, stonemasons.</p><br>
<p>2014: Non-intrusive stone analyses, by Christian Fischer.</p><br>
<h2>Presentation and visits</h2><br>
<p>Today the site is open to the public for both religious activities and tourist visits. Opening hours are 08:00 – 18:00, and the entrance fee is 50.000 LAK.</p><br>
<p>The site also features a museum which houses artifacts of the temple complex of several centuries, such as statues of Shiva, Vishnu and Nandin, as well as Buddhist statues. The building of the museum has been limited to a specific size in order to minimize altering effects on the underground site and the view.</p><br>
<p>Jøkulkyrkja Mountain , also known as Massiv Yakova Gakkelya, is a broad, ice-topped mountain with several radial rock spurs, standing east of Lunde Glacier in the Mühlig-Hofmann Mountains of Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica.</p><br>
<p>At 3,148 m elevation, it is the highest elevation in Queen Maud Land, and also the highest elevation within the claims of Norway. The mountain is located on the Princess Astrid Coast of the Norwegian Antarctic Territory. Håhellerskarvet ("shark cave mountain"), 2,910 m, is located to the southwest; the two peaks are separated by the 25-mile-long Lunde Glacier, which flows to the northwest.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and naming</h2><br>
<p>Jøkulkyrkja Mountain was plotted from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named Jøkulkyrkja. The first element is jøkul m small glacier, the last element is the finite form of kyrkje f church. (Like other names in the Norwegian Arctic and Antarctic islands and areas the Nynorsk form of Norwegian is used in the name - the Bokmål form would have been "Jøkelkirken").</p><br>
<h2>Mountaineering significance</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent of Jøkulkyrkja Mountain was in January 1994, by a team of 13 mountain climbers led by Ivar Tollefsen. The first woman to reach the top was Merete Asak, November 2010.</p><br>
<p>United States Parcel Post Station, also known as the Railway Express Building, is a historic post office structure located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is two stories high with the first floor at the St. Paul Street level and is supported by concrete piers that extend 35 feet down to the level of the Jones Falls Expressway . It was constructed in 1929 in a Classical Revival style and built of reinforced concrete with brick walls and limestone and terra cotta trim, the building is a parallelogram in plan, measuring 142 feet on the east and west and 269 feet deep. The principal facade features a 4 foot high limestone base and terra cotta capitals molded in the form of an American bald eagle within a wreath. The St. Paul Street facility and its location next to the Pennsylvania Railroad according to the USA Post Office Department in 1928 "would affect handling of parcel-post matter in Washington and delivery points as far as New York and Canada." Finally, the station was the first air rights development in the city.</p><br>
<p>United States Parcel Post Station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Montagne del Morrone are a mountain group in Abruzzo, central Italy, part of the Apennines. Overlooking the town of Sulmona, they are bounded by the Valle Peligna, the river Aterno and the Majella massif. They are included into the Majella National Park.</p><br>
<p>The range is composed of limestone, and have their highest peak in the Monte Morrone (2,061 m).</p><br>
<p>Vegetation include typical Apennine woods of beech and mountain pine, as well as the rare orchid species Nigritella widderi. Wildlife include Marsican brown bear, italian wolf, mouflon, red deer, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, Eurasian eagle-owl and Ursini&#39;s viper. Until the early 20th century, the bearded vulture was also present.</p><br>
<p>On a terrace of Mount Morrone are the remains of a Roman villa which allegedly belonged to the poet Ovid, which have been recently recognized as a sanctuary of Hercules Curinus. Here was found a small statue of Hercules resting, considered by some an original by Lysippos (now in the Archaeological Museum of Chieti). Nearby is the 13th century Morronese Abbey. In the mountain are also two caves in which the future Pope Celestine V lived his hermitage from 1239 and 1241.</p><br>
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<p>Mount Sen is a 1,005.2 m mountain of Chūgoku Mountains, located on the border of Taka and Kamikawa, Hyōgo, Japan. This mountain is one of Hyōgo 50 mountains. This mountain is an important center of Kasagatayama-Sengamine Prefectural Natural Park.</p><br>
<h2>Outline</h2><br>
<p>Mount Sen is the easternmost mountain, which is taller than 1000 m in Chugoku Mountains. Mount Sen is a typical fault-block mountain in this area.</p><br>
<p>On the name of Mount Sen, there are two explanations. One is because it has thousands of peaks (in Japanese ‘sen’ means thousand), however judging from the shape of the mountain, this explanation can not be believed. The other explanation is because the mountain is a mountain for Xian. In Japanese, Xian(仙) is pronounced ‘sen’.</p><br>
<h2>Route</h2><br>
<p>There are three major routes to the top of this mountain. Mitani route and Iwazashin route start from Kadokura Bus Stop of Shinki Bus. It takes about two and half hours. The other route, Ichinara route is from Tanji Bus Stop, it takes about three hours.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Kadokura Bus Stop of Shinki Bus</p><br>
<p>Tanji Bus Stop of Shinnki Bus</p><br>
<p>The Union Block is a historic commercial building at 21-29 Lisbon Street in downtown Lewiston, Maine. Built in 1870, it is a good local example of commercial Italianate architecture, built during a significant period of the city&#39;s growth. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Union Block is set on the west side of Lisbon Street, Lewiston&#39;s primary commercial street, just south of its junction with Main Street. It is a three story brick building, nine bays wide, with three storefronts on the ground floor. The two left storefronts have central recessed entries flanked by glass display windows, while the right one only has a single display window on the left. The storefronts are modern, but are separated by original granite piers. Building entrances are located at the outer ends of the facade. The upper floor windows are set in panels with rounded upper corners, and have granite lintels and sills. The building has a deep cornice with decorative brackets and modillions.</p><br>
<p>The block was built in 1870 by John Y. Scranton (alternatively "Scruton"), a prominent local clothing retailer who had been in business in Lewiston since 1857. The upper floor house a meeting space that was variously rented to the Knights of Pythias, the International Order of Odd Fellows, and the Kora Temple (a local Shriners organization).</p><br>
<p>St. John Catholic Church is a Roman Catholic church in the unincorporated community of Fryburg in Pusheta Township, Auglaize County, Ohio, United States.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns is one of many churches in western Ohio that historically has been served by the Society of the Precious Blood. It is one of the oldest extant Catholic churches in the region known as the "Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches": most contemporary churches in the region were log structures that have disappeared. Only St. Augustines Church in Minster to the southwest remains a church, and it has been significantly modified by the addition of twin towers decades after construction. St. John retains its historic brick and stucco exterior, and its frescoed ceiling has been recognized as a leading aspect of its architecture. Throughout the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, there is only one church older than St. Johns that survives without significant structural changes. St. Johns and its parish hall were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, along with St. Augustine&#39;s and many other churches related to the Society of the Precious Blood in western Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Devil&#39;s Slide is an unusual cliff rock formation on the side of Cinnabar Mountain located in Gallatin National Forest in Park County, Montana north of Yellowstone National Park. This distinctive formation can be viewed from Highway 89 and was created from alternate beds of limestone, sandstone, quartzites</p><br>
<p>that have been tilted to lie nearly vertical and have eroded at different rates.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1871, very few white travellers had ventured this far south in the Yellowstone River valley. The Cook–Folsom–Peterson Expedition passed the Devil&#39;s Slide in 1869. Cook and Folsom described the slide in their diaries but did not name them</p><br>
<p>In August 1870, the Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition observed the formation and named it The Devil&#39;s Slide. Langford described the formation in his Wonders of the Yellowstone published in 1871:</p><br>
<p>Baltimore City Passenger Railway Power House and Car Barn, also known as the Charles Theatre, is a historic street railway building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a two-story brick Romanesque Revival style building, constructed in 1892, that has been altered for a variety of uses over the years. The southern half of the building  was used for the power house; the northern half  was used for the car barn. It was constructed by Baltimore’s oldest streetcar company to provide cable traction on one of its first and most important lines. The car barn was the node where the Baltimore & Northern Railway transferred its streetcars to City Passenger tracks. In 1939 the United Railways and Electric Company sold the structure and it was then converted into a theater, bowling alley, and ballroom.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore City Passenger Railway Power House and Car Barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore Equitable Insurance, until 2003 was located at the original headquarters of the Eutaw Savings Bank, is a historic bank building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Originally built as the headquarters for the Eutaw Savings Bank, it is a two-story building with brownstone front and brick sides. It was constructed in 1857 in the Italian Renaissance style. The Eutaw Savings Bank moved across the street in 1887 to what is now the Baltimore Grand, and the building was acquired by the Baltimore Equitable Society in 1889. Founded in 1794, the Baltimore Equitable Society is one of the oldest corporations in the city and the third-oldest fire insurance company in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The building that housed Baltimore Equitable Insurance was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. The building is occupied by a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately due to the age and degree of repairs/renovations that were needed at the Eutaw Savings Bank building, Baltimore Equitable made the hard decision to relocate their offices. In 2003, during Hurricane Isabelle, Baltimore Equitable Insurance moved their offices to a more modern building located at 100 N Charles St, Suite 640, Baltimore, MD 21201. The building is named One Charles Center and was a part of the urban renewal movement of Baltimore in the early 60&#39;s</p><br>
<h2>Fire mark</h2><br>
<p>The Sign of the Clasped Hands, so frequently seen on the exterior of houses in the region, means that the home is (or was) insured by the Baltimore Equitable Society (Baltimore Equitable Insurance). The Society chose the clasped hands, depicting the hand of the company and the hand of the policy holder shaking, symbolizing the agreement by both parties to the contract of insurance. Called a “fire mark,” this sign of coverage was once just as important as the paper policy document.</p><br>
<p>In Europe insurance companies owned the fire companies that fought the fires. At one time fire companies would only extinguish the fire if the home had the proper fire mark.</p><br>
<p>This was never the case in the United States. Here, Benjamin Franklin established public and volunteer fire departments that responded to fire danger regardless of insurance arrangements. Still, the fire mark was a very important feature of most insurance companies of that day. The society still gives the fire mark to any person insured with Baltimore Equitable who wishes to receive it. It is numbered and painted in the traditional black with gold leaf.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On January 21, 1794, a number of respectable citizens assembled to establish a fire insurance company similar to that created in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin. This meeting gave rise to the birth of the Baltimore Equitable Society.</p><br>
<p>By February 10, 1794, a constitution had been drawn to govern the new company, the Baltimore Equitable Society for Insuring of Houses From Loss By Fire. Policy Number 1 was issued on April 10, 1794 to Humphrey Pierce on his three story brick house on Baltimore Street. By December 27 of its first year of operation, the Society was incorporated, making it older than Baltimore City itself, which was not incorporated until three years later.</p><br>
<p>At the conclusion of the Society&#39;s first year of business, 104 policies had been written for a total coverage of $129,016. Expenses for the first year of Society business equaled $300.69 including salaries and rent. Detailed accounts were kept, noting charges of $1.33 for a pewter ink stand and $.50 for 50 quills.</p><br>
<p>Nearly two years after incorporation, on December 4, 1796, the Society sustained its first loss from fire when William Hawkins two brick houses at Light and Baltimore Streets (now the site of the Nations Bank Building) were destroyed. The blaze consumed a number of other businesses, homes and a church in what amounted to the citys "Great Fire" to that date. With this first loss, began the Society&#39;s tradition of prompt and full payment to the policyholder.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore Equitable insured the property of a number of the Citys prominent citizens. In 1803, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, insured four brick buildings on the north side of King George Street (now Lombard) between Stillhouse Street (now Front) and Jones Falls. In 1838, Homewood the home of Charles Carroll Jr. now on the Johns Hopkins University campus, was first insured. When the owner cancelled this policy in 1866, the Society refunded the entire original payment. Then in 1903, when Johns Hopkins University acquired the mansion, the university insured it again.</p><br>
<p>The Society was an eyewitness to the tumultuous times which the nineteenth century presented to the nation. In 1814, the British burned Washington and turned toward Baltimore where they intended to do the same. Francis Scott Key watched the bombardment of Fort McHenry from the harbor where he penned the poem which became our national anthem. Six months after the British forces were defeated at the Battle of Baltimore and the city had been spared the destruction it had feared, the Society expressed its relief. The minutes recorded at its annual meeting on April 3, 1815, noted, "Peace and the restoration of tranquility...(leave) the board the opportunity and satisfaction to record... that there was no loss sustained." Had the British been successful in their land and sea attacks on Baltimore, the minutes would have told of a very different outcome.</p><br>
<p>While the 1860s saw life in Baltimore altered, the period also brought change to the Baltimore Equitable Society. On March 13, 1865, the members present at a general meeting voted to issue perpetual policies. By this point in its history, through judicious investments and careful management, the Society had accumulated a surplus sufficient to enable it to write policies for an indefinite period. The first of these policies was issued to William Clagett on his dwelling at 157 Lombard Street near Canal Street. On March 20, another perpetual policy was issued to cover "Mondawmin," the home of Isabella Brown, widow of George Brown. George was the son of Alexander Brown, founder of Alex. Brown & Sons, the city&#39;s oldest banking house. The home, originally a summer home and later the year-round residence, was located where Mondawmin Shopping Center now stands.</p><br>
<p>The turn of the century was a time of progress and good fortune for the Society until disaster struck the city in 1904. On February 7, a wholesale dry goods house in the heart of Baltimore&#39;s business district caught fire, igniting the Great Baltimore Fire. One hundred fifty acres, including all of the original town laid out in 1730, were destroyed along with 2,500 business establishments. Miraculously, no lives were lost, but total damages reached $150 million. The Great Baltimore Fire affected 455 Baltimore Equitable policyholders and although the Society incurred losses of nearly $2 million, all policy holders were promptly paid in full.</p><br>
<p>Following the disaster of the 1904 fire, financial calamity hit the nation. From 1929 to 1939, the Great Depression took a heavy toll on the country. Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president to lead the nation to economic recovery. During this period, fortunes were lost, companies were ruined and millions of workers were unemployed. Nevertheless, Baltimore Equitable continued to be successful. None of its surplus fund was used to pay operating expenses, and investments remained secure. In fact, assets increased by 23%. It was during this period of economic struggle that the Society created its Fire Museum, that was housed in its offices on Eutaw Street and has recently been closed.</p><br>
<p>The years from 1941 to 1945 saw thousands of Baltimoreans called to military duty in Europe and the Pacific Theater during World War II. Those service men and women who were insured by the Society went to war without the worry of annual premiums, knowing their families would be taken care of with prompt and personal claims service in the event of a loss.</p><br>
<p>The urban unrest in 1968 changed the way some insurance companies wrote policies. As a result of the fire damage caused by the riots, some insurers refused to cover properties within the city lines. Yet Baltimore Equitable continued to write policies on homes which met underwriting requirements without regard to the invisible "red line" which was said to surround the city.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Throughout the 1980s, Baltimore Equitables success continued, with its comprehensive perpetual homeowners policy a hallmark of the insurance industry.</p><br>
<p>A.M. Best Company, which evaluates the financial stability of insurance companies, has rated Baltimore Equitable Society A - Excellent. Assigned to insurance companies that have, in AM Best&#39;s opinion, an excellent ability to meet their ongoing insurance obligations.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, Baltimore Equitable Insurance unveiled a new marketing campaign which included three new radio ads, direct mail and various internet marketing. Although Baltimore Equitable offers perpetual renters, condominium owners and homeowners insurance, Baltimore Equitable&#39;s marketing campaign focuses on perpetual homeowners insurance.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore General Dispensary is a historic dispensary building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is three bays wide and two stories high, with running bond red brick foundation and building walls, and a water table constricted in 1911. The front features a simple cornice surmounting a stone entablature reading: 1801 Baltimore General Dispensary 1911. It is the only surviving building designed for Baltimore’s oldest charity. The interior originally featured a large dispensary center on the first floor, separated for black and white patients. The rooms for surgical and medical aid on the second floor gave the poor a measure of privacy rarely available to charity patients.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore General Dispensary was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore Grand is a historic bank building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It occupies two historic bank buildings, the former Western National Bank  and the former Eutaw Savings Bank , which were connected in 1989 and adaptively reused to create a commercial catering and banquet facility. It features a large arched window above the entrance portico that is framed by paired fluted pilasters with Corinthian capitals extending to the cornice line.</p><br>
<p>The former Eutaw Savings Bank is a Classical Revival brownstone, built when the bank vacated the Baltimore Equitable Society Building across the street. The original building was designed by Charles L. Carson. A 1911 addition was designed by Baldwin and Pennington.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore Grand was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The river Suhre is a 34 kilometer long tributary of the river Aare in the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Aargau. The river rises in Sempachersee  at an altitude of 504 meters above sea level, and joins the Aare east of the town Aarau at an altitude of 362 meters. The most important side valley is the Ruedertal, which joins the Suhretal  at Schöftland.</p><br>
<p>In medieval age, the river had several different names: Suron (1036), Suranum flumen (1210), Sure (1241). Today, the name is written without „h“ in the canton of Lucerne, and with „h“ in the canton of Aargau. The most important tributaries are the Ruederchen joining at Schöftland, the Ürke joining at Unterentfelden and the Wyna joining at Suhr.</p><br>
<h2>River and Valley</h2><br>
<p>The Suhre rises from the Sempachersee in Oberkirch (LU) north of the lake just next to medieval town of Sursee, which it traveres afterwards. After the underpass of the A2 motorway the creek Ron from the Mauesee joins the Suhre in the Sursiwald from the west (forest; left, Sursee). Chommlibach joins the Suhre right afterwards (right, Sursee). Then it runs further north between the villages Knutwil and Büron in the distance. Then it continues west of Triengen and east of the village Winikon in the middle of the valley and the last one in canton of Lucerne passing in the distance of the now Aargovian villages (Winikon, Reitnau, Attelwil, Moosleerau, Kirchleerau) situated at the bottom of the enclosing hills (about 650m to 850m a.s.l.) on each side of the flat, about 2 km wide valley. Just before Staffelbach, the Suhre traverses at 471m the end moraine (up to 519m a.s.l.) of the glacier that formed the upper Suhre Valley and flows then through Staffelbach.</p><br>
<p>Still running north it passes Wittwil in the east before entering Schöftland, where in the middle of this larger village the Ruederchen joins from the east (right, Schöftland). Ruederchen is a larger creek which forms the Ruedertal, which in itself divides from north-west to south-east the north-south mountain range between the Suhretal and the Wynetal in the east.</p><br>
<p>After Schöftland the Suhre runs west of Hirschthal ad further away from Holziken in the east. Holziken is at the northern bottom end of the eastern mountain range of the upper two third of Suhre Valley. East of Holziken the Ürketal with its Ürke joins the Suhretal and makes the valley again more than 2 km wide. But only 500 metres further north the valley gets even wider (almost 3 km), since the valley of the Mülibach joins now the Suhretal from the west, as well as nowadays the most frequented motorway in Switzerland, the A1. While the Mülibach becomes the Köllikerbach after traversing Kölliken in the west end of the valley, the Ürke passes Kölliken on its east side, both running further north and joing each other before Oberentfelden. The Suhre passes Ober-, Mittel-, and Untermuhen on their west sides, but now on the east side of the valley.</p><br>
<p>The Suhre, after it underpasses the A1, it traverses Oberentfelden right in the middle of this larger village and also now in the middle of the valley, to be joined by the Ürke in Unterentfelden (406m a.s.l.) just after Oberentfelden and runs now almost westwards to circumvent the Gönert hill (468m a.s.l.). About after 2 km it runs through the middle of Suhr, turns again to the north, being joined by the Wyna from the right just before Buchs (AG). After underpassing one of the major Swiss railway lines (running between Bern/Basel/Olten and Zurich), the Suhr passes Aarau on its eastern end and joins the much larger Aare running east-north-east at 362 metres above sea level.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>One Charles Center is a historic office building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a 23-story aluminum and glass International Style skyscraper designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and constructed in 1962. It was the first modernistic office tower in Baltimore and the keynote of the city’s nationally recognized downtown urban renewal movement and Charles Center. The base consists of a concrete-faced podium topped by a paved plaza, with the "T"-shaped office tower atop. The tower is detailed in Mies&#39;s signature bronze metal trim and gray glass.</p><br>
<p>The tower was the subject of a design competition that included a submission by Marcel Breuer. The tower was completed in 13 months at a cost of $10,350,000. One Charles Center was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It is located next to the Fidelity Building, which was completed in 1897.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the Charles Center stop of the Baltimore Metro Subway opened one block south of the Charles Center complex at the intersection of Baltimore Street and Charles Street. This stop serves as a transportation hub that connects the Metro (extending west to the northwest suburbs of the city and east to Johns Hopkins Hospital) to many local bus routes and the Charm City Circulator.</p><br>
<p>A former owner of the building and longtime anchor tenant, CSX Corporation, sold and vacated the property in the mid-1990s, leaving the tenancy rate worrisomely low. This prompted an auction for new ownership in which Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, its mortgage holder, bought One Charles Center in 1993 for $11.5 million. Three years later in 1996, the building was purchased for $6 million by Peter Angelos, a lawyer native to Baltimore and the majority owner of the Baltimore Orioles major league baseball team. After extensive renovations, many new tenants moved into the building, including the law offices of Peter Angelos as well as the firm Wright Constable & Skeen.</p><br>
<p>Other former tenants of One Charles Center include T. Rowe Price, an investment counsel firm and major employer in Baltimore (now located nearby at 100 East Pratt Street) and the Center Club of Baltimore (now located in the Transamerica Tower).</p><br>
<p>Standard Oil Building, also known as the Stanbalt Building, is a historic office building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a 15-story Beaux Arts skyscraper designed by Clyde N. Friz , one of Baltimore’s best-known Beaux Arts designers, and built in 1922. The steel-frame "U"-shaped office building is clad in limestone. It was built by the Standard Oil Company at a time when that business was once one of the nation’s principal corporations, the dominant supplier of gasoline and fuels.</p><br>
<p>Standard Oil Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. In its later years as an office building, the building primarily housed offices for the City of Baltimore. Following an extensive, $25 million renovation, the building reopened as residential apartments in 2002 by the Southern Management Corporation.</p><br>
<p>The Little Red Schoolhouse, also known as Briggs Schoolhouse, is a historic schoolhouse in Farmington, Maine. The one-room wood-frame schoolhouse was built in 1852, and originally stood on the Wilton Road  at Red Schoolhouse Road. It served Farmington as the Briggs District school until 1958, and is one of the community&#39;s few surviving district school buildings. It was then used as a space for special needs students before being finally closed in 1969. It was moved the Franklin Agricultural Society fairgrounds on High Street in 2007. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It is open to the public during the annual Farmington Fair.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The schoolhouse is an L-spaped single story wood frame structure, built in 1852. The original structure measured 24 x, with a 14 x addition added at an unknown date. The building is distinguished from other district schoolhouses of the period by an interior arched ceiling, which was originally plastered, but is now covered with wood sheathing. Original pine sheathing is used on the interior walls to a height of 3 ft. An outline of where the teacher&#39;s raised platform was located is visible in this sheathing on the south wall, as are the locations of benches on other walls. Many of the alterations to the interior date to an extensive renovation in 1898.</p><br>
<p>The schoolhouse was originally located near the junction of Wilton Road and Red Schoolhouse Road. It was used as a district school until 1920, when it was adapted for use as a model school (one of only five in the state) for teacher training, a role which it filled for twelve years. From 1962 to 1969 it was used as a training center for the mentally handicapped, and served for a time as a seasonal visitors center. It was moved the Franklin Agricultural Society fairgrounds on High Street in 2007.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph’s Roman Catholic Church is a former parish church of the Archdiocese of Dubuque located in Stone City, Iowa, United States. Catholics in Stone City were initially served by priests from Cedar Rapids and Anamosa. Mass was celebrated in parishioners homes until 1881 when permission was granted to use a large hall in Stone City. The parish was established in 1901 and the cornerstone for the church building was laid in 1913. It was completed later the same year. The church was designed by Dubuque, Iowa architect Guido Beck. The stained glass windows of the church were imported from Germany. The limestone used for the building was donated by city quarries. Otto Braun served as the contractor, and the labor to construct the church was also donated by local quarry businesses. The lower level of the building houses the parish hall. The rear of the church can be seen anchoring the left side of Grant Woods painting Stone City . The parish started to lose parishioners in the 1920s when the stone quarries started to decline. Its size increased again in the 1950s before economic factors once again caused it to decline. The archdiocese closed the parish in 1992, and church building became an oratory.</p><br>
<p>The church building was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. It was included as a contributing property in the Stone City Historic District in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Kiirunavaara  is a mountain in Kiruna, Sweden that contains one of the largest and richest bodies of iron ore in the world. The presence of iron in the area was known already in the mid-17th century, but at this early time communication lines to this northerly region were quite insufficient to permit any major exploitation. Only with the construction of a railway, the Iron Ore Line and the ports of Narvik and Luleå at the end of the 19th century did commercial mining become a realistic proposition. The Swedish mining company LKAB  has been mining the mountain since the beginning of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The mining area around Kiruna and Malmberget and the iron port and steelworks at Luleå made Norrbotten County one of the first, and most prominent, regions of heavy industry in Sweden, and the wider region has remained at the forefront of mining and steel smelting and alloying technology.</p><br>
<p>The Elisha Winn House is located at 908 Dacula Road near Dacula, Georgia, United States, 1.9 mi north of Dacula city limits. The house, currently in Gwinnett County, was built in 1812, six years before the county was established. In 1809, Elisha Winn, Roger Pugh, and Elijah Pugh purchased 7,300 acre on the Apalachee River from a Jackson County tax collector. On December 15, 1818, the Elisha Winn house and the property became part of Gwinnett County. The house is the oldest surviving building in Gwinnett and probably the oldest building in metropolitan Atlanta.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Being part of the newly formed county of Gwinnett, the Elisha Winn house gained historical significance. This is where much of the planning for the new county took place. Gwinnett county government functions were first carried out in the house and the backyard. Early sessions of the Superior Court (1819–1822), serving several other counties including Gwinnett County, were held in Winn&#39;s barn on the third floor. The first enslaved person sold in Gwinnett county was auctioned here, a six year old boy named Isham. The Inferior Court and the first county elections were held in the parlor of the Elisha Winn House. In 1819, Gwinnett County had a full slate of elected county officials. The first Gwinnett County jail was built on the property, the jail was a small barn in the backyard, which was demolished in August 1933. County executions also took place at this location, the first being Jack Winn, an enslaved person owned by Elisa Winn, who was tried and hung on property. Also, the first five judges of the Inferior Court, including Elisha Winn, were commissioned in February 1819. In 1820, the newly created Lawrenceville, became the permanent setting for the seat of government. A wooded courthouse was erected and the county government moved there. The Winn family moved to Lawrenceville in 1824 where Elisha Winn had a seat in the county government in the permanent setting of the Gwinnett County Court house.</p><br>
<h2>Elisha Winn</h2><br>
<p>Elisha Winn was born in Lunenburg, Virginia in 1777, and died on March 4, 1842 and is buried in the old Lawrenceville cemetery. He was married to Judith Cochran and had 13 children. From 1815 to 1817, Winn was Justice of Inferior Court in Jackson County. From 1820 to 1825, he was an Inferior Court judge for Gwinnett County. He was a state senator for Georgia from Gwinnett during the 1830, 1833, and 1837 sessions.</p><br>
<h2>Other buildings onsite</h2><br>
<p>The original barn, which was used as Gwinnett County&#39;s first courthouse, was torn down in 1945. The original timbers and lumber were used to build another barn. The second barn was wired for electricity in 1982, but completely collapsed in 1997. It was 32 ft square and had two floors and an attic.</p><br>
<p>Lawrenceville Jail is a log jail built in 1820s in Lawrenceville. It was donated in 1986 and was moved to the location of the original county jail, which was demolished in August 1933. The new jail is similar in size and construction to the original jail.</p><br>
<p>The cotton house was donated to the historical society in 2001 and was moved to the Winn property in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Walnut Grove School was a one-room school built in 1875. Original located on Highway 124 was moved to several other locations before being donated to the historical society in 1985 and placed in the backyard of the Winn house. The society restored the school to its 1875 appearance.</p><br>
<p>Clack Blacksmith Shop was donated in 2000 by Donald S. Bickers, M.D. The building was built in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The Outhouse was donated in 2001. A historical society member used the model of the original version to create a new outhouse made from original wood and some from the donated outhouse.</p><br>
<h2>Annual Elisha Winn Fair</h2><br>
<p>There is an annual Elisha Winn fair the first weekend of every October. The fair is sponsored by the Gwinnett Historical Society as a fundraiser to keep the house in good shape. October 6 and 7, 2012 will be the 34th annual fair and the 200th anniversary of the house.</p><br>
<p>The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and a Georgia Historic Marker is located at the site.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Madison Downtown Commercial Historic District has a collection of late-19th century store fronts centered on Ave. G, from 6th to 9th Street, and Ave. H from 7th to 9th, in Fort Madison, Iowa. The Mississippi River at Fort Madison flows from east to west. The city&#39;s downtown is on the east side of town north of the river. It includes the original part of the city, and the rest of the city grew to the west. The central business district is surrounded by residential neighborhoods with the Park-to-Park Residential Historic District to the north. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Passenger and Freight Complex Historic District is to the southwest closer to the river. Avenue H, historically Front Street, faces the river and was developed first. Historically buildings were only constructed on the north side of the street, and it still has its older, 19th century buildings. Avenue G, historically 2nd Street, was developed as the main business street from the late 19th and into the early 20th century. From east to west, development occurred between Sixth and Eighth Streets. By the 20th century, commercial buildings were built to Ninth Street and beyond.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its nomination the historic district had a total of 105 buildings, with 91 being contributing properties and 14 non-contributing. Most of the buildings (72) are two-story structures, with another 18 one-story buildings, and 15 three-story buildings. The predominate architectural styles are Federal, Italianate, Renaissance Revival and Romanesque Revival. Most of the buildings house commercial enterprises, and the Cattermole Memorial Library, which is individually listed on the National Register, is included as a contributing property.</p><br>
<p>The Mercer County Courthouse in Princeton, West Virginia was built in 1930-31 in the Art Moderne style. Designed by Alex B. Mahood, it is the most significant example of the style in southern West Virginia. Friezes above the front and rear doors were designed by Mrs. S.L. Mahood, the mother of the architect.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Mercer County Courthouse sits in a traffic circle bordered by Main Street on the north side, Scott Street on the west side, Princeton Avenue on the south side, and Alvis Street on the east side.</p><br>
<p>Although designed and built with entrances on all four sides, due to the security issues of today, the public can only enter through the north door.</p><br>
<p>The United States Post Office and Court House in Huntington, West Virginia is a federal building housing the United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia. It was built in 1907 and expanded in 1907, and again in 1937. The original construction was the result of the Tarsney Act of 1893. The federal courthouse is part of a group of significant civic structures in the center of Huntington that includes the Cabell County Courthouse, the Huntington City Hall and the Carnegie Public Library. The original design was by Parker and Thomas of Boston and Baltimore. The post office has since been moved to another location. In 1980, the United States Congress passed legislation renaming the building the Sidney L. Christie Federal Building, in honor of District Court judge Sidney Lee Christie.</p><br>
<p>Greenlawn Memorial Park, also known as Greenlawn Cemetery, is located at 2700 Parish Avenue, Newport News, Virginia. Greenlawn Memorial Park is a 50 acre cemetery located where two natural streams, Mill Dam Creek and Salters Creek, come together. The cemetery has been in continuous operation, serving the Newport News and Hampton, Virginia, since 1888. There are approximately 20,000 burials in the cemetery. Greenlawn Memorial Park is on the National Register of Historical Places.</p><br>
<p>Greenlawn Cemetery was developed by the Newport News Cemetery Company beginning February 14, 1888. The incorporators were T. H. Gordon, Louis Bremond, I. E. White, Theodore Livezey, E. Clayton, E. B. Smith, T. E. Monis and M. B. Crowell. By the terms of the charter, they were authorized to associate others with them. Walter A. Post, George Benjamin West, Carter M. Braxton, W. B. Livezey, C. B. Nelms and W. J. Nelms were added as associates.</p><br>
<p>At the center of the cemetery is a 25 ft obelisk erected in 1900 marking the mass grave of 163 Confederate Prisoners of War. The 163 Confederate soldiers were re-interred there in 1900. These were POWs who died in the nearby Newport News POW camp between April 27, 1865 and July 5, 1865. At the foot of this monument is a granite ledger with the names, rank, state and unit of each soldier. Soldiers from 13 southern states are represented.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery office building is a 1936 Sears Catalog Home.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Schuyler Otis Bland (1872–1950): U. S. Congressman from Virginia serving from July 2, 1918 to February 16, 1950.</p><br>
<p>Perkins, Robert Walker (1859–1919): member of Virginia House of Delegates, 1894 to 1896.</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel Jarrett Webb (1891–1943): member of Virginia House of Delegates, 1936 to 1939.</p><br>
<p>One British Commonwealth war grave, of an Army Veterinary Corps Surgeon of World War I.</p><br>
<p>Pompeii was an ancient Roman town-city near modern Naples, in the Campania region of Italy, in the territory of the comune of Pompei. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area, was mostly destroyed and buried under 4 to 6 m of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79.</p><br>
<p>Researchers believe that the town was founded in the 7th or 6th century BC by the Osci or Oscans. It came under the domination of Rome in the 4th century BC, and was conquered and became a Roman colony in 80 BC after it joined an unsuccessful rebellion against the Roman Republic. By the time of its destruction, 160 years later, its population was estimated at 11,000 people, and the city had a complex water system, an amphitheatre, a gymnasium, and a port.</p><br>
<p>The eruption destroyed the city, killing its inhabitants and burying it under tons of ash. Evidence for the destruction originally came from a surviving letter by Pliny the Younger, who saw the eruption from a distance and described the death of his uncle Pliny the Elder, an admiral of the Roman fleet, who tried to rescue citizens. The site was lost for about 1,500 years until its initial rediscovery in 1599 and broader rediscovery almost 150 years later by Spanish engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre in 1748. The objects that lay beneath the city have been preserved for more than a millennium because of the long lack of air and moisture. These artefacts provide an extraordinarily detailed insight into the life of a city during the Pax Romana. During the excavation, plaster was used to fill in the voids in the ash layers that once held human bodies. This allowed archaeologists to see the exact position the person was in when he or she died.</p><br>
<p>Pompeii has been a tourist destination for over 250 years. Today it has UNESCO World Heritage Site status and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Italy, with approximately 2.5 million visitors every year.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Pompeii in Latin is a second declension plural (Pompeiī, -ōrum). According to Theodor Kraus, "The root of the word Pompeii would appear to be the Oscan word for the number five, pompe, which suggests that either the community consisted of five hamlets or, perhaps, it was settled by a family group (gens Pompeia)."</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The ruins of Pompeii are located near the modern suburban town of Pompei (nowadays written with one i). It stands on a spur formed by a lava flow to the north of the mouth of the Sarno River (known in ancient times as the Sarnus).</p><br>
<p>Today it is some distance inland, but in ancient times was nearer to the coast. Pompeii is about 8 km away from Mount Vesuvius. It covered a total of 64 to 67 hectare and was home to approximately 11,000 to 11,500 people on the basis of household counts. It was a major city in the region of Campania.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The archaeological digs at the site extend to the street level of the AD 79 volcanic event; deeper digs in older parts of Pompeii and core samples of nearby drillings have exposed layers of jumbled sediment that suggest that the city had suffered from other seismic events before the eruption. Three sheets of sediment have been found on top of the lava that lies below the city and, mixed in with the sediment, archaeologists have found bits of animal bone, pottery shards and plants. Carbon dating has placed the oldest of these layers from the 8th–6th centuries BC (around the time the city was founded). The other two strata are separated either by well-developed soil layers or Roman pavement, and were laid in the 4th century BC and 2nd century BC. It is theorised that the layers of the jumbled sediment were created by large landslides, perhaps triggered by extended rainfall.</p><br>
<p>The town was founded around the 7th–6th century BC by the Osci or Oscans, a people of central Italy, on what was an important crossroad between Cumae, Nola and Stabiae. It had already been used as a safe port by Greek and Phoenician sailors. According to Strabo, Pompeii was also captured by the Etruscans, and in fact recent excavations have shown the presence of Etruscan inscriptions and a 6th-century BC necropolis. Pompeii was captured for the first time by the Greek colony of Cumae, allied with Syracuse, between 525 and 474 BC.</p><br>
<p>In the 5th century BC, the Samnites conquered it (and all the other towns of Campania); the new rulers imposed their architecture and enlarged the town. After the Samnite Wars (4th century BC), Pompeii was forced to accept the status of socium of Rome, maintaining, however, linguistic and administrative autonomy. In the 4th century BC, it was fortified. Pompeii remained faithful to Rome during the Second Punic War.</p><br>
<p>The present Temple of Apollo was built in the 2nd century BC as the city&#39;s most important religious structure.</p><br>
<p>Pompeii took part in the war that the towns of Campania initiated against Rome, but in 89 BC it was besieged by Sulla. Although the battle-hardened troops of the Social League, headed by Lucius Cluentius, helped in resisting the Romans, in 80 BC Pompeii was forced to surrender after the conquest of Nola, culminating in many of Sulla&#39;s veterans being given land and property, while many of those who went against Rome were ousted from their homes. It became a Roman colony with the name of Colonia Cornelia Veneria Pompeianorum. The town became an important passage for goods that arrived by sea and had to be sent toward Rome or southern Italy along the nearby Appian Way.</p><br>
<p>It was fed with water by a spur from Aqua Augusta (Naples) built c. 20 BC by Agrippa; the main line supplied several other large towns, and finally the naval base at Misenum. The castellum in Pompeii is well preserved, and includes many details of the distribution network and its controls.</p><br>
<h3>First century AD</h3><br>
<p>The excavated city offers a snapshot of Roman life in the 1st century, frozen at the moment it was buried on 24 August AD 79. The forum, the baths, many houses, and some out-of-town villas like the Villa of the Mysteries remain well preserved.</p><br>
<p>Details of everyday life are preserved. For example, on the floor of one of the houses (Siricos), a famous inscription Salve, lucru ("Welcome, profit") indicates a trading company owned by two partners, Sirico and Nummianus (but this could be a nickname, since nummus means "coin; money"). Other houses provide details concerning professions and categories, such as for the "laundry" workers (Fullones). Wine jars have been found bearing what is apparently the worlds earliest known marketing pun (technically a blend), Vesuvinum (combining Vesuvius and the Latin for wine, vinum).</p><br>
<p>The numerous graffiti carved on the walls and inside rooms provides a wealth of information regarding Vulgar Latin, the form of Latin spoken colloquially rather than the literary language of the classical writers.</p><br>
<p>In 89 BC, after the final occupation of the city by Roman General Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Pompeii was finally annexed by the Roman Republic. During this period, Pompeii underwent a vast process of infrastructural development, most of which was built during the Augustan period. These include an amphitheatre, a palaestra with a central natatorium (cella natatoria) or swimming pool and an aqueduct that provided water for more than 25 street fountains, at least four public baths, and a large number of private houses (domūs) and businesses. The amphitheatre has been cited by modern scholars as a model of sophisticated design, particularly in the area of crowd control.</p><br>
<p>The aqueduct branched through three main pipes from the Castellum Aquae, where the waters were collected before being distributed to the city. In extreme drought, the water supply would first fail to reach the public baths (the least vital service), then private houses and businesses—and if there were no water flow at all, the system would fail to supply the public fountains (the most vital service) in the streets of Pompeii. The pools in Pompeii were mostly for decoration.</p><br>
<p>The large number of well-preserved frescoes provide information on everyday life and have been a major advance in art history of the ancient world, with the innovation of the Pompeian Styles (First/Second/Third Style). Some aspects of the culture were distinctly erotic, including frequent use of the phallus as apotropaion or good-luck charm in various types of decoration. A large collection of erotic votive objects and frescoes were found at Pompeii. Many were removed and kept until recently in a secret collection at the University of Naples.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the eruption, the town may have had some 11,000 inhabitants, and was located in an area where Romans had holiday villas. William Abbott explains, "At the time of the eruption, Pompeii had reached its high point in society as many Romans frequently visited Pompeii on vacations." It is the only ancient town of which the whole topographic structure is known precisely as it was, with no later modifications or additions. Due to the difficult terrain, it was not distributed on a regular plan as most Roman towns were, but its streets are straight and laid out in a grid in the Roman tradition. They are laid with polygonal stones, and have houses and shops on both sides of the street. It followed its decumanus (main east/west road) and its cardo (main north/south road), centred on the forum.</p><br>
<p>Modern archaeologists have excavated garden sites and urban domains to reveal the agricultural staples in Pompeii’s economy prior to AD 79. Pompeii was fortunate to have a fruitful, fertile region of soil for harvesting a variety of crops. The soils surrounding Mount Vesuvius even preceding its eruption have been revealed to have good water-holding capabilities, implying access to productive agriculture. The Tyrrhenian Sea’s airflow provided hydration to the soil despite the hot, dry climate.</p><br>
<p>The rural areas surrounding Pompeii had abundant agricultural land that was very fertile and could produce much larger quantities of goods than the city needed. Some speculate that much of the flat land in Campania, surrounding the areas of Pompeii was dedicated to grain and wheat production. Cereal, barley, wheat, and millet were all produced by the locals in Pompeii. These grains, along with wine and olive oil, were produced in abundance for export to other regions.</p><br>
<p>Evidence of wine imported nationally from Pompeii in its most prosperous years can be found from recovered artefacts such as wine bottles in Rome. For this reason, vineyards were of utmost importance to Pompeii’s economy. Agricultural policymaker Columella suggested that each vineyard in Rome produced a quota of three cullei of wine per jugerum, otherwise the vineyard would be uprooted. The nutrient-rich lands near Pompeii were extremely efficient at this and were often able to exceed these requirements by a steep margin, therefore providing the incentive for local wineries to establish themselves. While wine was exported for Pompeii’s economy, the majority of the other agricultural goods were likely produced in quantities relevant to the city’s consumption.</p><br>
<p>Remains of large formations of constructed wineries were found in Forum Boarium, covered by cemented casts from the eruption of Vesuvius. It is speculated that these historical vineyards are strikingly similar in structure to the modern day vineyards across Italy. Water depressions have also been found in close proximity to the wineries and served as water wells for the produce and livestock.</p><br>
<p>Carbonised food plant remains, roots, seeds and pollens, have been found from gardens in Pompeii, Herculaneum and from the Roman villa at Torre Annunziata. They revealed that emmer wheat, Italian millet, common millet, walnuts, pine nuts, chestnuts, hazel nuts, chickpeas, bitter vetch, broad beans, olives, figs, pears, onions, garlic, peaches, carob, grapes, and dates were consumed. All except the dates could have been produced locally.</p><br>
<p>Besides the forum, many other services were found: the Macellum (great food market), the Pistrinum (mill), the Thermopolium (sort of bar that served cold and hot beverages), and cauponae (small restaurants). An amphitheatre and two theatres have been found, along with a palaestra or gymnasium. A hotel (of 1,000 square metres) was found a short distance from the town; it is now nicknamed the "Grand Hotel Murecine". Geothermal energy supplied channelled district heating for baths and houses. At least one building, the Lupanar, was dedicated to prostitution.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, another discovery at the mouth of the Sarno River near Sarno revealed that the port also was populated and that people lived in palafittes (stilt-houses), within a system of channels that suggested a likeness to Venice to some scientists.</p><br>
<h3>AD 62–79</h3><br>
<p>The inhabitants of Pompeii had long been used to minor quaking (indeed, the writer Pliny the Younger wrote that earth tremors "were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania"), but on 5 February 62, a severe earthquake did considerable damage around the bay, and particularly to Pompeii. It is believed that the earthquake would have registered between about 5 and 6 on the Richter magnitude scale.</p><br>
<p>On that day in Pompeii, there were to be two sacrifices, as it was the anniversary of Augustus being named "Father of the Nation" and also a feast day to honour the guardian spirits of the city. Chaos followed the earthquake. Fires, caused by oil lamps that had fallen during the quake, added to the panic. Nearby cities of Herculaneum and Nuceria were also affected.</p><br>
<p>Temples, houses, bridges, and roads were destroyed. It is believed that almost all buildings in the city of Pompeii were affected. In the days after the earthquake, anarchy ruled the city, where theft and starvation plagued the survivors. In the time between 62 and the eruption in 79, some rebuilding was done, but some of the damage had still not been repaired at the time of the eruption. Although it is unknown how many, a considerable number of inhabitants moved to other cities within the Roman Empire while others remained and rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>An important field of current research concerns structures that were being restored at the time of the eruption (presumably damaged during the earthquake of 62). Some of the older, damaged paintings could have been covered with newer ones, and modern instruments are being used to catch a glimpse of the long hidden frescoes. The probable reason why these structures were still being repaired around 17 years after the earthquake was the increasing frequency of smaller quakes that led up to the eruption.</p><br>
<h3>Eruption of Vesuvius</h3><br>
<p>By the 1st century AD, Pompeii was one of a number of towns near the base of the volcano, Mount Vesuvius. The area had a substantial population, which had grown prosperous from the regions renowned agricultural fertility. Many of Pompeiis neighbouring communities, most famously Herculaneum, also suffered damage or destruction during the 79 eruption. The eruption occurred on 24 August AD 79, just one day after Vulcanalia, the festival of the Roman god of fire, including that from volcanoes.</p><br>
<p>A multidisciplinary volcanological and bio-anthropological study of the eruption products and victims, merged with numerical simulations and experiments, indicates that at Pompeii and surrounding towns heat was the main cause of death of people, previously believed to have died by ash suffocation. The results of the study, published in 2010, show that exposure to at least 250 &deg;C hot surges (known as pyroclastic flows) at a distance of 10 km from the vent was sufficient to cause instant death, even if people were sheltered within buildings.</p><br>
<p>The people and buildings of Pompeii were covered in up to 12 different layers of tephra, in total 25 m deep, which rained down for about six hours. Pliny the Younger provided a first-hand account of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius from his position across the Bay of Naples at Misenum, in a version he wrote 25 years after the event. His uncle, Pliny the Elder, with whom he had a close relationship, died while attempting to rescue stranded victims. As admiral of the fleet, Pliny the Elder had ordered the ships of the Imperial Navy stationed at Misenum to cross the bay to assist evacuation attempts. Volcanologists have recognised the importance of Pliny the Younger&#39;s account of the eruption by calling similar events "Plinian".</p><br>
<p>The eruption was documented by contemporary historians and is generally accepted as having started on 24 August 79, relying on one version of the text of Pliny&#39;s letter. However the archeological excavations of Pompeii suggest that the city was buried about three months later. This is supported by another version of the letter, which gives the date of the eruption as November 23.</p><br>
<p>People buried in the ash appear to have been wearing heavier clothing than the light summer clothes typical of August. The fresh fruit and vegetables in the shops are typical of Octoberand conversely the summer fruit typical of August was already being sold in dried, or conserved form. Wine fermenting jars had been sealed, which would have happened around the end of October. Coins found in the purse of a woman buried in the ash include one with a 15th imperatorial acclamation among the emperor&#39;s titles. These coins could not have been minted before the second week of September. There is no definitive theory as to why there should be such an apparent discrepancy.</p><br>
<h3>Rediscovery</h3><br>
<p>After thick layers of ash covered Pompeii and Herculaneum, they were abandoned and eventually their names and locations were forgotten. The first time any part of them was unearthed was in 1599, when the digging of an underground channel to divert the river Sarno ran into ancient walls covered with paintings and inscriptions. The architect Domenico Fontana was called in; he unearthed a few more frescoes, then covered them over again, and nothing more came of the discovery. A wall inscription had mentioned a decurio Pompeii ("the town councillor of Pompeii") but its reference to the long-forgotten Roman city was missed.</p><br>
<p>Fontana&#39;s covering over the paintings has been seen both as a broad-minded act of preservation for later times, and as censorship in view of the frequent sexual content of such paintings, as he would have known that paintings of the hedonistic kind later found in some Pompeian villas were not considered in good taste in the climate of the counter-reformation.</p><br>
<p>Herculaneum was properly rediscovered in 1738 by workmen digging for the foundations of a summer palace for the King of Naples, Charles of Bourbon. Pompeii was rediscovered as the result of intentional excavations in 1748 by the Spanish military engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre. These towns have since been excavated to reveal many intact buildings and wall paintings. Charles of Bourbon took great interest in the findings even after becoming king of Spain because the display of antiquities reinforced the political and cultural power of Naples.</p><br>
<p>Karl Weber directed the first real excavations; he was followed in 1764 by military engineer Franscisco la Vega. Franscisco la Vega was succeeded by his brother, Pietro, in 1804. During the French occupation Pietro worked with Christophe Saliceti.</p><br>
<p>Giuseppe Fiorelli took charge of the excavations in 1863. During early excavations of the site, occasional voids in the ash layer had been found that contained human remains. It was Fiorelli who realised these were spaces left by the decomposed bodies and so devised the technique of injecting plaster into them to recreate the forms of Vesuvius&#39;s victims. This technique is still in use today, with a clear resin now used instead of plaster because it is more durable, and does not destroy the bones, allowing further analysis.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum left the archaeologists with a dilemma – between the mores of sexuality in ancient Rome</p><br>
<p>and in Counter-Reformation Europe lay a clash of cultures. An unknown number of discoveries were hidden away again. A wall fresco depicting Priapus, the ancient god of sex and fertility, with his extremely enlarged penis, was covered with plaster. An older reproduction was locked away "out of prudishness" and opened only on request—and only rediscovered in 1998 due to rainfall.</p><br>
<p>A large number of artifacts from the buried cities are preserved in the Naples National Archaeological Museum. In 1819, when King Francis visited the Pompeii exhibition there with his wife and daughter, he was so embarrassed by the erotic artwork that he decided to have it locked away in a so-called "secret cabinet" (gabinetto segreto), a gallery within the museum accessible only to "people of mature age and respected morals". Re-opened, closed, re-opened again and then closed again for nearly 100 years, the Naples "Secret Museum" was briefly made accessible again at the end of the 1960s (the time of the sexual revolution) and was finally re-opened for viewing in 2000. Minors are still allowed entry only in the presence of a guardian or with written permission.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Pompeii has been a popular tourist destination for over 250 years; it was on the Grand Tour. By 2008, it was attracting almost 2.6 million visitors per year, making it one of the most popular tourist sites in Italy. It is part of a larger Vesuvius National Park and was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997. To combat problems associated with tourism, the governing body for Pompeii, the Soprintendenza Archaeological di Pompei, have begun issuing new tickets that allow for tourists to also visit cities such as Herculaneum and Stabiae as well as the Villa Poppaea, to encourage visitors to see these sites and reduce pressure on Pompeii.</p><br>
<p>Pompeii is also a driving force behind the economy of the nearby town of Pompei. Many residents are employed in the tourism and hospitality business, serving as taxi or bus drivers, waiters or hotel operators. The ruins can be easily reached on foot from the Circumvesuviana train stop called Pompei Scavi, directly at the ancient site. There are also car parks nearby.</p><br>
<p>Excavations in the site have generally ceased due to the moratorium imposed by the superintendent of the site, Professor Pietro Giovanni Guzzo. Additionally, the site is generally less accessible to tourists, with less than a third of all buildings open in the 1960s being available for public viewing today. Nevertheless, the sections of the ancient city open to the public are extensive, and tourists can spend several days exploring the whole site.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Objects buried beneath Pompeii were well-preserved for almost 2,000 years. The lack of air and moisture let objects remain underground with little to no deterioration. Once excavated, the site provided a wealth of source material and evidence for analysis, giving detail into the lives of the Pompeiians. However, once exposed, Pompeii has been subject to both natural and man-made forces, which have rapidly increased deterioration.</p><br>
<p>Weathering, erosion, light exposure, water damage, poor methods of excavation and reconstruction, introduced plants and animals, tourism, vandalism and theft have all damaged the site in some way. Two-thirds of the city has been excavated, but the remnants of the city are rapidly deteriorating.</p><br>
<p>The concern for conservation has continually troubled archaeologists. The ancient city was included in the 1996 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund, and again in 1998 and in 2000. In 1996 the organisation claimed that Pompeii "desperately need repair" and called for the drafting of a general plan of restoration and interpretation. The organisation supported conservation at Pompeii with funding from American Express and the Samuel H. Kress Foundation.</p><br>
<p>Today, funding is mostly directed into conservation of the site; however, due to the expanse of Pompeii and the scale of the problems, this is inadequate in halting the slow decay of the materials. An estimated US$335 million is needed for all necessary work on Pompeii. A recent study has recommended an improved strategy for interpretation and presentation of the site as a cost-effective method of improving its conservation and preservation in the short term.</p><br>
<p>In June 2013 UNESCO declared: If restoration and preservation works “fail to deliver substantial progress in the next two years,” Pompeii could be placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger.</p><br>
<h3>House of the Gladiators collapse</h3><br>
<p>The 2,000-year-old Schola Armatorum (House of the Gladiators) collapsed on 6 November 2010. The structure was not open to visitors, but the outside was visible to tourists. There was no immediate determination as to what caused the building to collapse, although reports suggested water infiltration following heavy rains might have been responsible. There has been fierce controversy after the collapse, with accusations of neglect.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Pompeii was the setting for the British comedy television series Up Pompeii! and the movie of the series. Pompeii also featured in the second episode of the fourth season of revived BBC science fiction series Doctor Who, named The Fires of Pompeii, which featured Caecilius as a character.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, the rock band Pink Floyd recorded the live concert film Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii, performing six songs in the ancient Roman amphitheatre in the city. The audience consisted only of the film&#39;s production crew and some local children.</p><br>
<p>Pompeii is a song by the British band Bastille, released 24 February 2013. The lyrics refer to the city and the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.</p><br>
<p>Pompeii is a 2014 German-Canadian historical disaster film produced and directed by Paul W. S. Anderson.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, 45 years after the Pink Floyd recordings, band guitarist David Gilmour returned to the Pompeii amphiteatre to perform a live concert for his Rattle That Lock world tour. This event was considered the first one in the amphiteatre to feature an audience since the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.</p><br>
<h2>Documentaries</h2><br>
<p>"In Search Of" Episode #82 focuses entirely on Pompeii, it premiered on November 29, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The National Geographic special In the Shadow of Vesuvius (1987) explores the sites of Pompeii and Herculaneum, interviews (then) leading archaeologists, and examines the events leading up to the eruption of Vesuvius.</p><br>
<p>Ancient Mysteries: Pompeii: Buried Alive (1996), an A&E television documentary narrated by Leonard Nimoy.</p><br>
<p>Pompeii: The Last Day (2003), an hour-long drama produced for the BBC that portrays several characters (with historically attested names, but fictional life-stories) living in Pompeii, Herculaneum and around the Bay of Naples, and their last hours, including a fuller and his wife, two gladiators, and Pliny the Elder. It also portrays the facts of the eruption. It is heavily influenced by Edward Bulwer-Lyttons book The Last Days of Pompeii (see Pompeii in popular culture#Books and other printed works), which – while being responsible for the popularisation of Pompeii in Western culture – has been dismissed for its lack of historical credibility. To give some historical reality to the characters, the death throes of the characters portrayed are based on actual skeletons and bodies found during excavations in the 18th century, while Pliny the Elders death is shown as based on the accounts of how he actually died. Although in the story the narrator uses reports that Pliny the Elder died from inhaling the fumes of the final and greatest pyroclastic surge, as many reports have found, he most likely had suffered a heart attack or stroke.</p><br>
<p>Pompeii and the AD 79 eruption (2004), a two-hour Tokyo Broadcasting System documentary.</p><br>
<p>Pompeii Live (June 28, 2006), a Channel 5 production featuring a live archaeological dig at Pompeii and Herculaneum</p><br>
<p>Pompeii: The Mystery of the People Frozen in Time (2013), a BBC One drama documentary presented by Dr. Margaret Mountford.</p><br>
<p>"The Riddle of Pompeii" (May 23, 2014), Discovery Channel</p><br>
<p>Oplontis was an ancient Roman site near Pompeii in Italy. It is best known today for the sumptuous Roman Villa Poppaea which is open to visitors. As with other Roman sites in the area, such as Herculaneum and other villas, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius buried it under a deep layer of ash on August 24, AD 79.</p><br>
<p>The name "Oplontis" most likely referred originally to the baths in the area of Campo Oncino, but today the name commonly covers the group of villas in the middle of the modern town of Torre Annunziata (Torre Nunziata in the local Neapolitan dialect).</p><br>
<p>The villa was excavated in the mid-20th century up to 1984, and is associated with Poppaea, the second wife of Emperor Nero.</p><br>
<p>A second villa, the Villa of L. Crassius Tertius, was discovered in 1974, 300 metres east of the Villa Poppaea, during the construction of a school. A bronze seal bearing Crassius&#39; name was found at the site.</p><br>
<p>A large number of artifacts from Oplontis are preserved in the Naples National Archaeological Museum.</p><br>
<p>Stabiae was an ancient Roman town near the modern town of Castellammare di Stabia and approximately 4.5 km southwest of Pompeii, and which became famous for the magnificent Roman villas found there in recent times. The beautiful objects and frescoes taken from these villas were often sold and distributed, while many can be found in the National Archaeological Museum of Naples.</p><br>
<p>The villas were sited on a 50 m high headland overlooking the Gulf of Naples.</p><br>
<p>Being only 16 km from Mount Vesuvius, this seaside resort was largely buried by two metres of tephra ash in 79 AD.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally a small port, by the 6th century BC Stabiae had already been overshadowed by the much larger port at Pompeii. The town was destroyed by Lucius Cornelius Sulla on 30 April 89 BC during the Social War, a revolt by many of the Italic cities in the area including Pompeii. The Roman author and admiral Pliny the Elder recorded that the town was rebuilt and became a popular resort for wealthy Romans. He reported that there were several miles of luxury villas built along the edge of the headland, all enjoying panoramic views out over the bay.</p><br>
<p>Stabiae was also well known for the quality of its spring water, which was believed to have medicinal properties.</p><br>
<p>According to the account (the famous letter by Plinys nephew, Pliny the Younger, in Latin and English)</p><br>
<p>written by his nephew, Pliny the Elder was at the other side of the bay in Misenum when the eruption of 79 AD started. He sailed by galley across the bay, partly to observe the eruption more closely, and partly to rescue people from the coast near the volcano.</p><br>
<p>Pliny died at Stabiae the following day, probably during the arrival of the sixth and largest pyroclastic surge of the eruption caused by the collapse of the eruption plume.</p><br>
<p>The very diluted outer edge of this surge reached Stabiae and left two centimetres of fine ash on top of the immensely thick aerially-deposited tephra which further protected the underlying remains.</p><br>
<p>The most famous of the findings at Stabiae are the villas that come from the time between the destruction of Stabiae by Sulla in 89 BC and the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.</p><br>
<p>These provide us with some of the most stunning architectural and artistic remains from any Roman villas.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological remains of Stabiae were originally discovered in 1749 by Cavaliere Rocco de Alcubierre, an engineer working for king Charles VII of Naples.</p><br>
<p>These ruins were partially excavated by Alcubierre with help from Karl Weber between 1749–1782. The ruins that had been excavated, however, were reburied and their location was forgotten until 1950, when a high school principal rediscovered them. The site was declared an archaeological protected area in 1957, and by 1962 many of the ruins had been again uncovered. The remains of both an Oscan settlement (oppidum) and the later Roman town were discovered.</p><br>
<p>2004 saw an Italian-American collaboration between the Superintendency of Archaeology of Pompeii, the region of Campania and the University of Maryland to form the non-profit Restoring Ancient Stabiae Foundation (RAS) whose prime goal is to excavate, restore and build an archaeological park there.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 Villa San Marco and Villa Arianna were explored and in the first villa a series of rooms, two latrines and a garden were brought to light, while in the second part of the great peristyle that looked directly over the sea was discovered.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 new excavations brought to light an ancient Roman road running along the northern perimeter of Villa San Marco. It is a cobbled road that connected the village of Stabia with the underlying shore: across this artery is a gate to the city and along the walls are a myriad of graffiti and small drawings in charcoal. On the other side of the road a baths area of a new villa was discovered, partly explored in the Bourbon era. A Roman road also led to the entrance of a domus belonging to the "Ager stabianus". In May 2010 a villa dating to the first century was discovered during the work to double the railway track of the Torre Annunziata-Sorrento line of the Circumvesuviana, between the stations of Ponte Persica and Pioppaino.</p><br>
<h2>Pre-Roman settlement</h2><br>
<p>Before the age of the villas, however, an Oscan settlement existed in the region of Stabiae. In 1957, three hundred tombs dating from the 7th to the 3rd centuries BC were found in a necropolis associated with this town. Many pieces of pottery were found in these tombs and provide us with archaeological evidence that supports the dating of the Oscan inhabitants. It appears that the Samnites later took over the Oscan town in the 5th century.</p><br>
<h2>Villas</h2><br>
<p>Among the many villas found at Stabiae are firstly large leisure villas (villa otium) without agricultural buildings such as:</p><br>
<p>Villa San Marco</p><br>
<p>Villa Del Pastore</p><br>
<p>Villa Arianna</p><br>
<p>the Second Complex,</p><br>
<p>Villa of Anteros and Heraclo</p><br>
<p>and secondly residential villas with agricultural sections (villa rustica) such as:</p><br>
<p>Villa del Petraro</p><br>
<p>Villa Carmiano</p><br>
<p>Villa Sant&#39;Antonio Abate</p><br>
<p>Villa Medici</p><br>
<p>Villa Petrellune</p><br>
<p>Ogliaro Villas</p><br>
<p>Villa of the Philosopher</p><br>
<p>Villa Casa dei Miri</p><br>
<p>Villa Sassole</p><br>
<h3>Villa San Marco</h3><br>
<p>This villa derived its name from a nearby chapel that existed in the 18th century, was the first to be explored in the excavations in Bourbon times between 1749 and 1754. The documentation of the Bourbon surveys was published in 1881 by M. Ruggiero M. in the book Degli Scavi di Stabiae dal 1749 al 1782 ("On the Stabiae excavations from 1749 to 1782"). The villa was re-buried after the removal of its furnishings and of the better preserved frescoes. Excavations were resumed in 1950 by Libero d’Orsi and O. Elia of the Archaeological Superintendency.</p><br>
<p>One of the largest villas ever discovered in Campania it measured more than 11,000 sq. m, although only half has been excavated. It has an atrium containing a pool, a triclinium with views of the bay, and a colonnaded courtyard. There are also many other small rooms, a kitchen and two internal gardens. This villa is also important because it has provided frescoes, sculptures, mosaics and architecture, which show styles and themes comparable to those found in Pompeii and Herculaneum.</p><br>
<p>The great peristyle is surrounded by a long porch with a central pool of 36x7 m which at the end has a nympheum that has yet to be explored, decorated with frescoes depicting Neptune, Venus and several athletes, that were removed by the Bourbons and is now at the Naples museum and the Condé Museum in Chantilly, France. In the peristyle garden plane trees were present at the time of the eruption whose root cavities were found; just as with the casts of humans these cavities were filled with liquid concrete to make casts and archaeologists have also calculated that at the time of the eruption the age of these trees ranged from 75 to 100 years.</p><br>
<p>The villa has a second peristyle on the southern side, approximately 140m long, with arcades supported by spiral columns which collapsed during the 1980 Irpinia earthquake: the ceiling is painted with scenes depicting Melpomene and the Apotheosis of Athena etc. In this peristyle was a sundial found during the excavation in a deposit as the villa at the time of the eruption was under renovation; the sundial was subsequently placed in its original position.</p><br>
<p>The baths of the villa are of considerable size on a triangular plot. The remains of the frescoes show it was finely decorated with depictions of large pendulous branches. Access to the spa area is via an atrium, painted with wrestlers and boxers, followed by apodyterium, tepidarium, frigidarium, palaestra and caldarium: the pool in the caldarium, which is accessible by stone steps, is 7x5m and 1.5m deep. In excavations in the pool, part of the bottom was removed exposing a large brick furnace heating a large bronze boiler which was removed in 1798 by Lord Hamilton to be transported to London, but during the trip the Colossus was shipwrecked. The caldarium was covered with marble slabs. From the baths there are a number of ramps connecting the villa with the flat area close to the sea.</p><br>
<h2></h2><br>
<h3>Villa del Pastore</h3><br>
<p>"Villa of the Shepherd" in English, this villa gets its name from a small statue of a shepherd that was discovered at this site.</p><br>
<p>The villa stands on the edge of the plateau Varano with a panoramic view, a short distance from Villa Arianna. It was explored three times: its discovery dates back to 1754 to 1759 when Karl Weber brought to light a large garden; the second campaign under Peter la Vega was carried out between 1775 and 1778; the third and final exploration dates to 1967-8 when the villa was rediscovered following the discovery of a perimeter wall after removal of a layer of lapilli on agricultural land. This excavation was funded by the landowner and the superintendent of the time tried to expropriate church land in the area between Villa Arianna and Villa San Marco in order to combine the areas of the villas of Stabiae. While waiting for the permit, the villa was re-buried in 1970 to prevent it from ruin. As a result of various bureaucratic problems related to the cause of expropriation, the villa remains buried and has not yet been fully excavated.</p><br>
<p>The villa is even larger than Villa San Marco at 19,000 square metres and includes many rooms, large baths and luxurious gardens. It lacks, however, any domestic rooms suggesting that it may not have been a residence. One hypothesis is that it is instead a valetudinarium (health spa) to allow people to take advantage of the famous spring waters of Stabiae.</p><br>
<p>The Villa del Pastore dates from between the eighth century BC and 79 AD. It is divided into two parts: a large outdoor area and a series of residential rooms. The garden area is bordered to the south by the semicircular wall, while on the north is a 140m long cryptoporticus which runs parallel to a colonnade on a slightly lower level. At the centre of the garden is a swimming pool (natatio) with marble staircase. In the centre of the semicircular alcove was found the statue that gives the villa its name, of marble, 65 cm tall in Hellenistic style and is an old shepherd dressed in hides, carrying on his shoulders a kid, with a basket with grapes and bread on his left hand while in the right hand is a hare. Also in the garden to the south west is a porch 10x2m portico paved with black and white mosaic. Also a small square nympheum was found in the centre of which was placed a marble labrum.</p><br>
<p>The second part of the villa has fifteen rooms around a central courtyard, on the north side of which lies the baths area in which is located an apodyterium, a steam bath, a kitchen and a vestibule.</p><br>
<p>The villa is spread over three levels shown as a result of recent landslides, and a number of substructures which had the dual function of containment of the hill and the villa&#39;s support base have been revealed; like the other villas nearby, this villa was directly connected to the sea by a series of ramps that sloped down toward the beach.</p><br>
<h3>Villa Arianna</h3><br>
<p>Named for the fresco depicting Dionysus saving Ariadne from the island of Dia (a mythological name for Naxos), this villa is particularly famous for its frescoes, many of which depict light, winged figures. The villa expanded over the course of 150 years. It has one of the largest courtyards of any Roman villa; measuring two stadia in length. Another feature is its private tunnel system that links the villa in its location on the ridge to the sea shore, which was probably only between 100 and 200 metres away from the bottom of the hill in Roman times. The shoreline has since changed, leaving the site further inland than it was in antiquity.</p><br>
<h2></h2><br>
<h3>The Second Complex</h3><br>
<p>The Second Complex is a villa otium located on the edge of the Varano hill between the Villa del Pastore and Villa Arianna and separated by a narrow alley from the latter. The site was explored for the first time in 1762 by Karl Weber, in 1775 by Peter la Vega and finally in 1967 by Libero D&#39;Orsi: only about 1000 sq. m has been brought to light and access is via Villa Arianna, which because of its proximity is often confused as the same villa.</p><br>
<p>The villa consists of two areas, the oldest around the peristyle which was built around the first century BC and the later part, probably widening or merging of an existing structure, dating back to the imperial age. The peristyle has a portico on three sides and different areas including a oecus (lost following a landslide), and several scenic areas that looked out on the sea. On the west side there is a square fish pond with lead pipes and water spouts. The south side is a pseudo-portico adorned with columns resting on a wall, behind which lies the baths that includes a caldarium with a bathtub, a tepidarium also with tub and garden and a laconicum with domed roof and a kitchen. On the north side next to Ariana Villa are a triclinium, a cubiculum.</p><br>
<p>Most of the villa&#39;s objects were taken away by the Bourbons, as well as part of the black and white geometric tessellated pavement; however the black walls in the third style are well preserved.</p><br>
<h2></h2><br>
<h3>Villa of Anteros and Heraclo</h3><br>
<p>The villa of Anteros and Heraclo (also called Villa del Fauno or Villa Chapel San Marco) is a villa otium situated on the border between Castellammare di Stabia and Gragnano, a few metres from Villa San Marco and on the Varano plateau. It was explored for the first time by Karl Weber in 1749 and is one of the first Roman remains found during the Bourbon excavations of the ancient town. After being investigated and plundered of all items considered of value it was left buried.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologists were not able to locate the site until 2006 when a group of volunteers involved in the work of clearing the Varano ridge witnessed a landslide: continuing to dig they brought to light various structures, including a doorway and the hinge of a door. After the initial enthusiasm and initiatives to recover the remains, lack of funds has led to villa becoming overgrown again.</p><br>
<p>Not much is known of the villa apart from the descriptions of the Bourbons: this is probably the only building in the area to belong to judges, as evidenced by the discovery of a large number of scales and coins, sometimes in gold, and a plaque about 1.5m wide written in red letters that read:</p><br>
<p>"ANTEROS HERACLIO SUMMAR MAG" (Anteros Heraclio chief magistrate)</p><br>
<p>It is not known if this is the name of one or two judges, but it is known that they had the tasks to keep the documents of the village, collect taxes and organise festivals. In addition to this license plate were found a bust of a woman which some scholars have identified as Livia, with curly hair adorned with a brooch, and also a cameo depicting a woman, perhaps Venus, who holds a branch.</p><br>
<p>Located in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius, Herculaneum  was an ancient Roman town destroyed by volcanic pyroclastic flows in 79 AD. Its ruins are located in the comune of Ercolano, Campania, Italy.</p><br>
<p>As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it is famous as one of the few ancient cities that can now be seen in much of its original splendour, as well as for having been lost, along with Pompeii, Stabiae, Oplontis and Boscoreale, in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 that buried it. Unlike Pompeii, the deep pyroclastic material which covered it preserved wooden and other organic-based objects such as roofs, beds, doors, food and even some 300 skeletons which were discovered in recent years along the seashore. It had been thought until then that the town had been evacuated by the inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>Herculaneum was a wealthier town than Pompeii, possessing an extraordinary density of fine houses with, for example, far more lavish use of coloured marble cladding.</p><br>
<h2>History of Herculaneum</h2><br>
<p>Ancient tradition connected Herculaneum with the name of the Greek hero Herakles (Hercules in Latin and consequently Roman Mythology), an indication that the city was of Greek origin. In fact, it seems that some forefathers of the Samnite tribes of the Italian mainland founded the first civilization on the site of Herculaneum at the end of the 6th century BC. Soon after, the town came under Greek control and was used as a trading post because of its proximity to the Gulf of Naples. The Greeks named the city Ἡράκλειον, Heraklion. In the 4th century BC, Herculaneum again came under the domination of the Samnites. The city remained under Samnite control until it became a Roman municipium in 89 BC, when, having participated in the Social War ("war of the allies" against Rome), it was defeated by Titus Didius, a legate of Sulla.</p><br>
<p>After the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, the town of Herculaneum was buried under approximately 20 metres (50–60 feet) of ash. It lay hidden and largely intact until discoveries from wells and underground tunnels became gradually more widely known, and notably following the Prince dElbeufs explorations in the early 18th century. Excavations continued sporadically up to the present and today many streets and buildings are visible, although over 75% of the town remains buried. Today, the Italian towns of Ercolano and Portici lie on the approximate site of Herculaneum. Until 1969 the town of Ercolano was called Resina. It changed its name to Ercolano, the Italian modernization of the ancient name in honour of the old city.</p><br>
<p>The inhabitants worshipped above all Hercules, who was believed to be the founder of both the town and Mount Vesuvius. Other important deities worshipped include Venus and Apollo.</p><br>
<h2>The eruption of AD 79</h2><br>
<p>The catastrophic eruption of Mt. Vesuvius occurred on the afternoon of 24 August AD 79. Because Vesuvius had been dormant for approximately 800 years, it was no longer even recognized as a volcano.</p><br>
<p>Based on archaeological excavations and on two letters of Pliny the Younger to the Roman historian Tacitus, the course of the eruption can be reconstructed.</p><br>
<p>At around 1pm on 24 August, Vesuvius began spewing volcanic ash and stone thousands of meters into the sky. When it reached the tropopause (the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere), the top of the cloud flattened, prompting Pliny to describe it to Tacitus as a Stone Pine tree. The prevailing winds at the time blew toward the southeast, causing the volcanic material to fall primarily on the city of Pompeii and the surrounding area. Since Herculaneum lay to the west of Vesuvius, it was only mildly affected by the first phase of the eruption. While roofs in Pompeii collapsed under the weight of falling debris, only a few centimetres of ash fell on Herculaneum, causing little damage but nonetheless prompting most inhabitants to flee.</p><br>
<p>During the following night, the eruptive column which had risen into the stratosphere collapsed onto Vesuvius and its flanks. The first pyroclastic surge, formed by a mixture of ash and hot gases, billowed through the mostly evacuated town of Herculaneum at 160 km/h. A succession of six flows and surges buried the city&#39;s buildings, causing little damage in some areas and preserving structures, objects and victims almost intact. However, in other areas there was significant damage, knocking down walls, tearing away columns and other large objects; a marble statue of M. Nonius Balbus near the baths was blown 15 m away and a carbonised skeleton was found lifted 2.5 m above ground level in the garden of the House of the Telephus Relief.</p><br>
<p>Recent multidisciplinary research on the lethal effects of the pyroclastic surges in the Vesuvius area showed that in the vicinity of Pompeii and Herculaneum, heat was the main cause of the death of people who had previously been thought to have died by ash suffocation. This study shows that exposure to the surges, measuring at least 250 °C (482 °F) even at a distance of 10 kilometres from the vent, was sufficient to cause the instant death of all residents, even if they were sheltered within buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>In 1709 the digging of a deep well revealed some exceptional statues at the lowest levels which was later found to be the site of the theatre. The Prince d&#39;Elbeuf purchased the land and proceeded to tunnel out from the bottom of the well, collecting any statues they could find. Among the earliest statues recovered were the two superbly sculpted Herculaneum Women now in the Dresden Skulpturensammlung.</p><br>
<p>Major excavation was resumed in 1738 by Spanish engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre. The elaborate publication of Le Antichità di Ercolano ("The Antiquities of Herculaneum") under the patronage of the King of the Two Sicilies had an effect on incipient European Neoclassicism out of all proportion to its limited circulation; in the later 18th century, motifs from Herculaneum began to appear on stylish furnishings, from decorative wall-paintings and tripod tables to perfume burners and teacups. However, excavation ceased once the nearby town of Pompeii was discovered, which was significantly easier to excavate because of the thinner layer of debris covering the site (4 m as opposed to Herculaneum&#39;s 20 m).</p><br>
<p>Barker noted in his 1908 Buried Herculaneum, "By the orders of Francis I land was purchased, and in 1828 excavations were begun in two parts 150 feet apart, under the direction of the architect. Carlo Bonucci. In the year 1868 still further purchases of land were made, and excavations were carried on in an eastward direction till 1875. The total area now open measures 300 by 150 perches (1510 by 755 8 metres). The limits of the excavations to the north and east respectively are the modern streets of Vico di Mare and Vico Ferrara. It is here only that any portion of ancient Herculaneum may be seen in the open day."</p><br>
<p>From 1927 until 1942 a new campaign of excavations was begun by Amedeo Maiuri, which exposed about four hectares of the ancient city in the archaeological park that is visible today.</p><br>
<p>Excavation resumed briefly in the town in 1980–81 on the ancient shoreline following which the skeletons in the boathouses were found.</p><br>
<p>From 1996–99 the large area to the north-west of the site was excavated and exposed, including part of the Villa of the Papyri, the north-west baths, the House of the Dionysian Reliefs and a large collapsed monument. This area was left in a chaotic state and from 2000–7 further work on conservation of this area was done.</p><br>
<p>Many public and private buildings, including the forum complex, are yet to be excavated.</p><br>
<h2>The Site</h2><br>
<p>The buildings at the site are grouped in blocks (insulae), defined by the intersection of the east-west (cardi) and north-south (decumani) streets. Hence we have Insula II – Insula VII running counterclockwise from Insula II. To the east are two additional blocks: Orientalis I (oI) and Orientalis II (oII). To the south of Orientalis I (oI) lies one additional group of buildings known as the "Suburban District" (SD). Individual buildings having their own entrance number. For example, the House of the Deer is labelled (Ins IV, 3).</p><br>
<h3>The House of Aristides (Ins II, 1)</h3><br>
<p>The first building in insula II is the House of Aristides. The entrance opens directly onto the atrium, but the remains of the house are not particularly well preserved due to damage caused by previous excavations. The lower floor was probably used for storage.</p><br>
<h3>The House of Argus (Ins II, 2)</h3><br>
<p>The second house in insula II got its name from a fresco of Argus and Io which once adorned a reception room off the large peristyle. The fresco is now lost, but its name lives on. This building must have been one of the finer villas in Herculaneum.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of the house in the late 1820s was notable because it was the first time a second floor had been unearthed in such detail. The excavation revealed a second floor balcony overlooking Cardo III, as well as wooden shelving and cupboards; however, with the passing of time, these elements have been lost.</p><br>
<h3>The House of the Genius (Ins II, 3)</h3><br>
<p>To the north of the House of Argus lies the House of the Genius. It has been only partially excavated but it appears to have been a spacious building. The house derives its name from the statue of a cupid that formed part of a candlestick. In the centre of the peristyle are the remains of a rectangular basin.</p><br>
<h3>The House of the Alcove (Ins IV)</h3><br>
<p>The house is actually two buildings joined together. As a consequence of this it is a mixture of plain and simple rooms combined with some highly decorated ones.</p><br>
<p>The atrium is covered, so lacks the usual impluvium. It retains its original flooring of opus tesselatum and opus sectile. Off the atrium is a biclinium richly decorated with frescoes in the fourth style and a large triclinium which originally had a marble floor. A number of other rooms, one of which is the apsed alcove after which the house was named, can be reached via a hall which gets its light from a small courtyard.</p><br>
<h3>College of the Augustales</h3><br>
<p>Temple of the augustales or priests of the Imperial cult.</p><br>
<h3>Central Thermae</h3><br>
<p>The Central Thermae were bath houses built around the first century AD. Bath houses were very common at that time, especially in Pompeii and Herculaneum. Per common practice, there were two different bath areas, one for men and the other for women. These houses were extremely popular, attracting many visitors daily. This cultural hub was also home to several works of art, which can be found in various areas of the Central Thermae site.</p><br>
<h3>Villa of the Papyri</h3><br>
<p>The most famous of the luxurious villas at Herculaneum is the "Villa of the Papyri." It was once identified as the magnificent seafront retreat for Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, Julius Caesar&#39;s father-in-law; however, it has emerged that the objects thought to be associated with Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesonius correspond more closely to a greatly standardized assemblage, and cannot indicate, with certainty, the owner of the villa. The villa stretches down towards the sea in four terraces. Piso, a literate man who patronized poets and philosophers, built a fine library there, the only one to survive intact from antiquity.</p><br>
<p>Between 1752 and 1754 a number of blackened unreadable papyrus scrolls were serendipitously recovered from the Villa of the Papyri by workmen. These scrolls became known as the Herculaneum papyri or scrolls, the majority of which are today stored at the National Library, Naples. The scrolls are badly carbonized, but a large number have been unrolled, with varying degrees of success. Computer-enhanced multi-spectral imaging, in the infra-red range, helps make the ink legible. There is now a real prospect that it will be possible to read the unopened rolls using X-rays. The same techniques could be applied to the rolls waiting to be discovered in the as-yet unexcavated part of the villa, eliminating the need for potentially damaging the rolls by unrolling them.</p><br>
<p>A team spent a month in summer 2009, making numerous X-ray scans of two of the rolls that are stored at the French National Academy in Paris. They hoped that computer processing would convert the scans into digital images showing the interiors of the rolls and revealing the ancient writing. The main fear, however, was that the Roman writers might have used carbon-based inks, which would be essentially invisible to the scans.</p><br>
<p>That fear has turned out to be fact.</p><br>
<p>They had hoped that re-scanning the rolls with more powerful X-ray equipment would reveal the text. However, subsequent X-rays have still produced nothing legible. Still, the hundreds, possibly thousands of scrolls still buried at the site may yet prove to have legible text someday. As of 2016, research and experimentation has recovered more scrolls and it is suggested that new techniques will allow more to be read without unrolling them.</p><br>
<h3>Skeletal remains</h3><br>
<p>In 1981, under site administrator Dr. Giuseppe Maggi, excavations initially turned up more than 55 skeletons (30 adult males, 13 adult females and 12 children) on the beach and in the first six boat chambers. Because earlier excavations had revealed only a few skeletons, it was long thought that nearly all of the inhabitants had managed to escape, but this surprising discovery led to a change of view. The last inhabitants waiting for rescue from the sea were killed instantly by the intense heat, despite being sheltered from direct impact. The study of victims&#39; postures and the effects on their skeletons indicate that the first surge caused instant death as a result of fulminant shock due to a temperature of about 500 &deg;C. The intense heat caused contraction of hands and feet and possibly fracture of bones and teeth.</p><br>
<p>Chemical analysis of the remains has led to greater insight into the health and nutrition of the Herculaneum population. Dr. Sara C. Bisel (1932–1996) was a physical anthropologist and classical archaeologist who played a prominent role in early scientific research at Herculaneum. Her pioneering work in the chemical and physical analysis of skeletons yielded new insights into the nutrition and health of ancient populations. This was considered ground-breaking and helped advance the field of paleodemography. Quantities of lead were found in some of the skeletons, which led some to speculation of lead poisoning. Also the presence of scarring on the pelvis, for instance, may give some indication of the number of children a woman had borne.</p><br>
<p>Casts of skeletons were also produced, to replace the original bones after taphonomic study, scientific documentation and excavation. In contrast to Pompeii, where casts resembling the body features of the victims were produced by filling the body imprints in the ash deposit with plaster, the shape of corpses at Herculaneum could not be preserved, due to the rapid vaporization and replacement of the flesh of the victims by the hot ash (ca. 500 °C). A cast of the skeletons unearthed within chamber 10 is on display at the Museum of Anthropology in Naples.</p><br>
<h2>Issues of conservation</h2><br>
<p>The volcanic water, ash and debris covering Herculaneum, along with the extreme heat, left it in a remarkable state of preservation for over 1600 years. However, once excavations began, exposure to the elements began the slow process of deterioration. This was not helped by the methods of archaeology used earlier in the town&#39;s excavation, which generally centered around recovering valuable artifacts rather than ensuring the survival of all artifacts. In the early 1980s and under the direction of Dr. Sara C. Bisel, preservation of the skeletal remains became a high priority. The carbonised remains of organic materials, when exposed to the air, deteriorated over a matter of days, and destroyed many of the remains until a way of preserving them was formed.</p><br>
<p>Today, tourism and vandalism have damaged many of the areas open to the public, and water damage coming from the modern Ercolano has undermined many of the foundations of the buildings. Reconstruction efforts have often proved counterproductive. However, in modern times conservation efforts have been more successful. Today excavations have been temporarily discontinued, in order to direct all funding to help save the city.</p><br>
<p>A large number of artifacts from Herculaneum are preserved in the Naples National Archaeological Museum.</p><br>
<p>A private-public partnership, the Herculaneum Conservation Project, has taken a lead restoring Herculaneum. In 2012, UNESCO’s director general praised Herculaneum as a model “whose best practices surely can be replicated in other similar vast archaeological areas across the world”</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<h2>Documentaries</h2><br>
<p>A 1987 National Geographic special In the Shadow of Vesuvius explored the sites of Pompeii and Herculaneum, interviewed archaeologists, and examined the events leading up to the eruption of Vesuvius.</p><br>
<p>A 2002 documentary "Herculaneum. An unlucky escape" – based on a research of Pier Paolo Petrone, Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo and Mario Pagano. Co-production of DocLab Rome, Discovery Channel USA, France 3 – Taxi Brousse, Spiegel TV, Mediatred, 52&#39;.</p><br>
<p>A 2004 documentary "Pompeii and the 79 AD eruption". TBS Channel Tokyo Broadcasting System, 120’.</p><br>
<p>An hour-long drama produced for the BBC entitled Pompeii: The Last Day portrays several characters (with historically attested names, but fictional life-stories) living in Pompeii, Herculaneum and around the Bay of Naples, and their last hours, including a fuller and his wife, two gladiators, and Pliny the Elder. It also portrays the facts of the eruption.</p><br>
<p>Marcellino de Baggis&#39; 2007 documentary "Herculaneum: Diaries of Darkness and Light", Onionskin productions</p><br>
<p>A 2007 documentary "Troja ist überall: Auferstehung am Vesuv", Spiegel TV, 43&#39;29 – l.</p><br>
<p>is a PBS show covering the archaeological discoveries at Herculaneum.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Taylor Suit Cottage, also known as the Berkeley Castle, is located on a hill above Berkeley Springs, West Virginia. The castle-like house was built for Colonel Samuel Taylor Suit of Washington, D.C. as a personal retreat near the spa town, beginning in 1885. It was not complete by the time of his death in 1888 and was finished in the early 1890s for his widow, Rosa Pelham Suit, whom Suit had first met at Berkeley Springs. The post 1888 work is of noticeably inferior quality.</p><br>
<p>The fifteen-room interior features a ballroom 50 ft wide and 40 ft long. The design is attributed to Washington architect Alfred B. Mullett, who is alleged to have drawn a rough sketch of the plan on a tablecloth at the Berkeley Springs Hotel. The design may have been based on elements of Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, United Kingdom. Detailed design and construction supervision was carried out by Snowden Ashford, who designed Washington&#39;s Eastern Market. Mrs. Suit entertained lavishly at the house until her money ran out and the property was sold in 1913.</p><br>
<p>Snowden Ashford, also credited as an architect, apprenticed for Mullett.</p><br>
<p>The house is now privately owned and is available for rentals for special occasions.</p><br>
<p>Orchard Bay is a small bay on the south east coast of the Isle of Wight, England. It lies to the south west of the Ventnor Botanic Garden and just along the coast west from Steephill Cove. It faces south towards the English Channel, its shoreline is 50m in length.</p><br>
<p>The bay can be accessed by a small footpath at the western end of the bay. The beach is dominated by a house built just above the high water mark.</p><br>
<h2>Smuggling</h2><br>
<p>Operation Eyeful resulted in a large seizure of cocaine and the arrests of Michael Tyrrell, Julie Paterson and Frederick Fillingham and others by officers from HM Customs & Excise. Most of the arrests were made by officers based at HM Customs Shoreham Office.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Turner the M.P. for the Isle of Wight, made the following statement to the house of Commons on 22 July 2002</p><br>
<p>"On 8 March, a drug smuggler was jailed for 26 years for leading an operation to bring a record £90 million consignment of cocaine into Britain by yacht. He and five of his accomplices were caught by 150 Customs officers on the Isle of Wight after the smugglers&#39; landing was hampered by storms at the end of a 3,000-mile voyage across the Atlantic from the Caribbean. They had planned to unload 879 lb of cocaine on a private beach at Orchard Bay house near Ventnor, but the weather and the failure of their outboard motor forced them to deposit their cargo on another beach at Woody bay, about a mile away. They were trapped and arrested after members of the gang had spent hours carrying large bales of cocaine along a treacherous cliff-top path to their destination. Officials knew about the smuggling because the men had been kept under surveillance by excise men from the Cowes Customs house, among others. I understand that the smuggler had paid £657,000 for the Orchard Bay property. Customs officers on the island had been tipped off that something big was about to happen, and Operation Eyeful, which was a joint investigation with the National Crime Squad, began. It resulted in the successful apprehension of five smugglers."</p><br>
<p>Orchard bay House was originally built in 1828 as three coastguard cottages in order to prevent smuggling but was in 1840 acquired for use in smuggling. It is currently let as holiday accommodation.</p><br>
<p>Cuchilla Grande is a hill range that crosses the west part of Uruguay from north to south. It extends from the south part of Cerro Largo Department, through the departments of Treinta y Tres and Lavalleja and ends in Maldonado Department where it forms its highest peaks.</p><br>
<h2>Noted features</h2><br>
<p>In the southern part of this range, there is the Cerro Catedral, the highest point of the country. This hill is situated in the Maldonado Department.</p><br>
<p>Also found in this range is the Cerro Pan de Azúcar, likewise situated in the Maldonado Department, near Piriápolis.</p><br>
<h2>Secondary ranges</h2><br>
<p>Cuchilla de Mansavillagra</p><br>
<p>Sierra Carapé</p><br>
<p>Sierra Aceguá</p><br>
<p>Sierra de las Ánimas</p><br>
<p>Cuchilla Grande Inferior</p><br>
<p>Cuchilla de Cerro Largo</p><br>
<p>Capon Springs, also known as Fryes Springs and Watson Town, is a national historic district in Capon Springs, West Virginia that includes a number of resort buildings ranging in age from the mid-nineteenth century to the early 20th century. The area grew around a mineral spring discovered by Henry Frye in the 1760s, so that by 1787 the town of Watson had been established. By 1850, the 168-room Mountain House Hotel had been built, enduring until it burned in 1911. Also in 1850, the state of Virginia built Greek Revival bath pavilions and the Presidents House. A period of decline followed the Mountain House fire, but rebuilding began in the 1930s under the ownership of Louis Austin. The resort is still in Austin family ownership.</p><br>
<p>The resort was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the resort was named West Virginia&#39;s Family-Owned Business of the Year.</p><br>
<p>The Nuttallburg Coal Mining Complex and Town Historic District is located near Fayetteville, West Virginia in New River Gorge National River. The townsite is almost directly across from the Kay Moor mine and townsite, now abandoned. Like Kay Moor, the town is built around the railroad line at the bottom of the gorge, with an array of coke ovens and mining structures, as well as a bridge across the New River to South Nuttall.</p><br>
<p>Nuttallburg was closely associated with the Nuttallburg underground mine, a room and pillar mine that was sealed in 1958. The mine was established to develop the New River Coalfield in 1870 by John Nuttall, who correctly anticipated that the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad would be built through the New River Gorge. When the railroad arrived in 1873 Nuttall had built almost 100 houses, with 80 coke ovens, a variety of mine structures and a coal tipple on a railroad siding. Flat land by the river was dedicated to railroad and industrial use, leaving houses to seek perches on the hillsides. The town was racially segregated with white workers on the west side of Short Creek and black workers on the east side and between the railroad and the river. Because development stretched along both banks of the river, a pedestrian suspension bridge was built across the river by the Roebling Bridge Company in 1899.</p><br>
<p>The mines in the area were acquired by the Fordson Coal Company in the 1920s as "captive mines" to supply coal to the Ford Motor Companys River Rouge plant in Dearborn, Michigan. Ford updated many of the mines facilities at that time. However, Fordson sold the mine to the New River Coal Corporation in 1928, possibly because railroad regulations made coal transport to Michigan too difficult.</p><br>
<p>Most of the frame structures in Nuttallburg have succumbed to weather or have been salvaged for building materials. The National Park Service acquired the town, mining complex and surrounding area from the Nuttall Estate in 1998 and incorporated it into New River Gorge National River.</p><br>
<p>The Chamber of Commerce Building is a historic office building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a Renaissance Revival-style red brick building five floors in height, eleven bays long and three bays wide, and built 1904-05. It was built during the rebuilding of the financial area in Baltimore following the Great Fire of 1904 and features many terra cotta decorative elements. The rebuilt structure was designed by Baltimore architect Charles E. Cassell. The original pre-fire building was designed by John Rudolph Niernsee in 1880 and was used by the Corn and Flour Exchange, which maintained a trading floor on the fifth level.</p><br>
<p>Chamber of Commerce Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Young Mens and Young Womens Hebrew Association Building, also known as the Jewish Community Center, is a historic building located in central Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a three-story, flat-roofed, rectangular-shaped Flemish bond brick structure completed in 1930. The exterior features Moorish and Jewish motifs, such as the Star of David. It was designed by Baltimore architect Joseph Evans Sperry. It is now an apartment building. The establishment of the joining YM/YWHA building was a notable example of an attempt to bridge the divide between uptown Baltimores prosperous German Jews and East Baltimores impoverished Eastern European and Russian Jews. The association building was constructed midway between uptown and East Baltimore to symbolize this coming together of the two halves of Baltimore&#39;s Jewish community.</p><br>
<p>The Young Mens and Young Womens Hebrew Association Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Womans Industrial Exchange is a historic building located at 333 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It consists of a townhouse erected in 1815, with a large, five-story structure appended to the rear. The building was purchased in 1860 by Mrs. Mary E. Boardley for a boarding house, and she added the rear wing. The Exchange purchased the building in 1889. A shop window was added circa 1900, which enhances the fine Flemish bonded brick work and marble stoop. The mixed-use building houses the shop and offices of The Womans Industrial Exchange, two restaurants, and seven residential apartments.</p><br>
<h2>The organization</h2><br>
<p>The Woman&#39;s Industrial Exchange of Baltimore City is a non-profit organization that was founded in 1880, incorporated in 1882, and continues to serve the same mission of providing local people the opportunity to earn income by selling handmade items to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Womans Industrial Exchange began shortly after the Civil War in the home of Mrs. G. Harmon Brown of Baltimore, where women brought their handwork to be sold to local citizens and visitors. Mrs. Harmons endeavor was part of a nationwide Exchange Movement to help women in need discreetly earn a living.</p><br>
<p>In 1880 the enterprise was so successful that a shop was opened at Saratoga and Holiday Streets. In 1882 the State Legislature incorporated the organization "for the purpose of endeavoring by sympathy and practical aid to encourage and help needy women to help themselves by procurring for them and establishing a sales room for the sale of Women&#39;s Work."</p><br>
<p>In the late 1800s The Exchange sold women&#39;s handwork, operated a Tea Room and gave instructions in needlework and cooking. Consignors provided quality handmade items to be sold in the shop. The Exchange continues to serve its non-profit mission as an outlet of hand-crafted goods made by women and men intent on supporting themselves with dignity.</p><br>
<p>The Woman&#39;s Industrial Exchange building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Great Santa Cruz Island is a small inhabited island in Zamboanga City in the southern region of the Philippines that is famous for its pink coralline sand. The island, located 4 km south of downtown at the Santa Cruz Bank in the Basilan Strait, boasts the only pink sand beach in the Philippines. The color of the sand comes from the pulverized red organ pipe coral from eons of surf erosion mixed with the white sand.</p><br>
<p>The island started to become popular since the 1970s and early 1980s when it was frequented by German, Japanese and Italian tourists. Recently, theres an upsurge of tourists that has been recorded due to its rising popularity as one of a handful of Pink Sand Beaches in the World and is the only one in Asia. In 2017, It was recognized by National Geographic as one of the 21 Best Beaches in the World.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The Great Santa Cruz Island together with Little Santa Cruz Island are protected areas in Region 9 of the Philippines. Jointly called the Great and Little Sta. Cruz Islands Protected Landscape & Seascape, it was declared as such on April 23, 2000 with the signing of Proclamation No. 271. The park has a total area of 1,877 hectare.</p><br>
<p>Recent illegal coral reef mining has destroyed most of Great Santa Cruz Islands vast coral reef population leaving the former colorful corals as dead skeletal reefs. The city government of Zamboanga is planning to improve the island for the preservation, protection, conservation and rehabilitation of the islands ecosystem. The plan also involves developing the island for ecotourism. The improvement would include rehabilitating the present structures on the island. New infrastructures that need to be constructed would be low in profile using materials indigenous to the area, in hope of lessening its impact to the environment. The development plan is expected to be completed in 3 to 5 years time.</p><br>
<h2>Getting to the island</h2><br>
<p>A trip to the island is booked inside Paseo del Mar.</p><br>
<p>Vulsini, also known as Volsini volcano, Vulsini Volcanic District, Vulsini Volcanic Complex and the Vulsinian District, is a circular region of intrusive igneous rock in Lazio, Italy, about 87 km to the north northwest of Rome, containing a cluster of calderas known to have been active in recent geologic and historical times. Potentially they still are active. The Vulsinian region is one of dozens of intrusive circular regions, most smaller than the Vulsinian, arranged in a band from Campania through Lazio, called the Roman Comagmatic Province. A comagmatic province is a geologic area of the same type and age igneous rock deriving from the same crustal magma. The Roman region is post-collisional; that is, the intrusions were not a result of the lateral stresses that created Italy and raised the Apennines, but were subsequent to Italy&#39;s creation. The Volsinian is the northernmost region.</p><br>
<p>At relatively low altitude, the Vulsini calderas cover about 2,280 km&sup2; and contain four Pleistocene-age depressions known as Bolsena, Latera, Vepe and Montefascione calderas. The latest activity occurred in 104 BC. The largest, the Bolsena caldera, which is roughly 16 km across, is filled with the waters of Lake Bolsena, which derive mainly from deep aquifers. Immediately to the northwest are the combined Latera and Vepe calderas, about 8 km by 11 km. Vepe, to the north of Lake Mezzano (a very small crater lake west of Lake Bolsena) is what is known as a nested caldera; it arose in the previously existing Latera Caldera. Italian routes SS74 and SS312 follow the rim from Valentano through Latera westward, turning off before Mezzano on the other side. In addition the small Montefiascone caldera, also nested, lies between Montefiascone on its eastern rim and the lake. Two islands in the lake, Bisentina and Martana, were formed from airfall tuffs in Pompeii-like eruptions. Dozens of other tuff cones dot the region, mainly on the eastern side of the complex.</p><br>
<h2>Subfeatures</h2><br>
<p>The following tuff cones stand out in the region:</p><br>
<p>Monte Becco</p><br>
<p>Isola Bisentina</p><br>
<p>La Dogana</p><br>
<p>Monte Evangelista, 633 m</p><br>
<p>Isola Martana</p><br>
<p>Molino</p><br>
<p>Montefiascone</p><br>
<p>Monte Montione</p><br>
<p>Valentano</p><br>
<p>Monte Pilato</p><br>
<p>Monte Rosso</p><br>
<p>Santa Luce</p><br>
<p>Santa Maria di Sala</p><br>
<p>Selva del Lamone</p><br>
<p>Monte Semonte</p><br>
<p>Monte Spinaio</p><br>
<p>Monte Bandinio</p><br>
<p>Lake Wabby is a small freshwater, green colored lake. It is located in the Great Sandy National Park on the eastern side of Fraser Island off the coast of Queensland, Australia. The lake is directly adjacent to the Hammerstone Sandblow, which is slowly moving into the lake. Eventually it will disappear under the sand.</p><br>
<p>Unlike most other lakes on Fraser Island which are too acidic, Lake Wabby provides habitat to several species of fish. 13 species have been identified.</p><br>
<p>The lakes is both a window lake and a barrage lake. Barrage lakes form when water flows from a natural spring are blocked by a sandmass.</p><br>
<p>Lake Wabby has cultural significance to the Butchulla people.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service provides toilets, a walk-in camping area, a lookout and various walking tracks from the carpark to and around the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Maschsee is an artificial lake situated south of the city centre of Hanover in Germany. Spanning an area of 78 hectares, it is the largest body of water within the capital of Lower Saxony. The lake is a popular recreation area as well as a venue for numerous water sports.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name of the lake stems from the so-called “Leinemasch“, or simply ”Masch“, meaning swamp. This is the historical description for the area in which the lake was built, that was in a deep-lying floodplain of the River Leine.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>It was first considered to create a lake in the wide river valley of the River Leine near Hanover during the late 19th century. This tied in with the by-then necessary dyking of the River Leine and the River Ihme, which would regularly flood the city after snow melted in the Harz Mountains in spring. The creation of a lake could reduce the threat of high water levels and put the Leine’s river valley area to better use.</p><br>
<p>In the course of the decades there were further, very different designs: Small solutions and larger ones, which envisaged the Schützenplatz (shooting range) as an island in the lake. In September 1925 the newly elected city mayor Arthur Menge commissioned Otto Franzius, a water engineer and professor at the Hanover Technical College (now University of Hanover), to work out the details of the construction of a lake together with the city’s building authorities. Franzius was to be responsible for the designing of the hydro-engineering and hydrological elements of the project, while the city authorities, led by Karl Elkart, would handle the urban development aspects.</p><br>
<p>In contrast to the original idea that the lake be dug down into swamp land and then be supplied with water by the Leine, a new proposal emerged to build the Maschsee atop the swamp in a bowl-like structure – raising it higher than the water level of the Leine – and having it be filled using a system of water pumps. This would eradicate the problem of a potential accumulation of mud through flood waters.</p><br>
<p>Franzius created a final design that proved both effective and financially acceptable, whereupon the city authorities provided a grant of 14,000 Reichsmarks in January 1926 toward attempts to seal the basin of the proposed lake.</p><br>
<p>Despite the plans being completed it nevertheless took roughly eight years until the beginning of the 1930s for work to commence. The three main factors behind the creation of an artificial lake in the River Leine’s river valley were:</p><br>
<p>The embankment of the River Ihme’s flood channel</p><br>
<p>The creation of a local recreation area close to the city that provided the opportunity for water sports</p><br>
<p>The elimination of high unemployment levels (1932: 58,000 Hanoverians) through programmes of public works.</p><br>
<p>One factor against construction of the lake was the near 20 metre high Bismarck Tower which stood in the centre of the proposed water feature. Here, paramilitary marches took place and it was the site of a book burning in 1933. The landmark was eventually demolished in 1935 during the course of the lake’s construction.</p><br>
<h3>Job creation</h3><br>
<p>In the 1930s, the era of the Great Depression, the city of Hanover lacked the necessary finance for the commencement of the Maschsee project, even though the project had already been planned some ten years earlier. The project was favourable for the Nazi Party that came to power in January 1933 as it would help reduce unemployment levels, which was a central theme of their propaganda. On 28 November 1933 the project was approved at a meeting of the city council.</p><br>
<p>On 21 March 1934 the first ground was broken in the Leine swamp. Despite the unsettled financing of the project, it provided many people with work. Driven by the harshness of the economic situation of the time, they took on tough working conditions and low pay which was barely much higher than unemployment support.</p><br>
<p>During construction fourteen locomotive trains with 365 tipping wagons were used along a 15 km track as well as diggers and five crawler tractors. Many workers though had to supply their own tools. Initially there were 100 people working on the project, but by its completion 1,650 people had been involved to excavate roughly 780,000 square metres of earth to create the lake basin.</p><br>
<p>With the Maschsee project fully completed by early 1936, the official opening took place on 21 May 1936. Hundreds of thousands of Hanoverians and guests looked on from the edge of the lake as the event began with the then-typical trooping of the Nazi Party. In addition some 6,000 sporting persons took part in a rally along with the armed forces and public officials.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the lake was covered up with canvasses and fake landscapes created on floating islands created, in an attempt to confuse Allied bomber pilots of their whereabouts during air raids on Hanover.</p><br>
<h2>Water supply</h2><br>
<p>The water level loses a maximum of 1.3 centimetres per day through evaporation and water seepage, which equates to 10,000 cubic metres of water. In order to maintain a constant level, a pump station at a series of ponds in Ricklingen provides the Maschsee with a water supply. Its three pumps send water along an 800 metre long pipe to the "source" of the Maschsee. Depending on weather conditions, between 1-2 million m of water are required. From November until February no pumping is carried out, so the water level sinks on average 45 cm during this time.</p><br>
<p>Until 1960 the Maschsee’s water level was supplied by the "Maschsee Source" pump station. Its pumping and filtering houses were one of the first building projects at the site of the lake to be put into operation in November 1935. The plant is equipped with two pumps which are capable of raising 500 litres of water every second from the River Leine.</p><br>
<p>As the Leine is strongly contaminated with suspended sediment, the usage of this water supply meant that the Maschsee quickly began to silt up. The Hanover city administration therefore decided in 1960 to build the new pump station at the Ricklingen Ponds, in order to supply the lake with groundwater.</p><br>
<p>The old pumping house is only active today if the oxygen content of the water is too low, as this water is supplied to the lake through an open-air three-stage cascading system that raises oxygen levels. It is also put into use during the Maschseefest.</p><br>
<p>Today the old pumping house is used as a club house by the Hanover Sport Club.</p><br>
<h2>Leisure activities</h2><br>
<h3>Maschseefest</h3><br>
<p>Every summer the Maschseefest is held over several weeks beside the lake, which draws around two million visitors annually. The event was first staged in 1986 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Maschee’s opening. It features musical performances, cabaret, cuisine and firework displays.</p><br>
<h3>Boats and ships</h3><br>
<p>During the summer months the Hanoverian transport company üstra operates boat trips on the lake using electrically powered vessels. Surrounding the Maschsee are numerous clubs for water sports (most popularly, rowing and sailing). During the year many diverse competitions are held on the lake, including the annual European Dragon Boat Race.</p><br>
<p>Between 1952 and 1989 motor boat competitions were regularly staged on the lake, which saw four world championships contested and ten European champions crowned.</p><br>
<h3>Bathing</h3><br>
<p>The Maschsee Beach lies at the southern point of the lake. The former city open air pool was handed over by the city to a private investor in 2005. They began construction on an expensive commercial “wellness park“, whereupon the project stalled. In 2007 the investor group Aspria took over and continued the work.</p><br>
<p>In spring 2009 Aspria Hannover opened a private spa and sport club in the buildings of the old public facilities and some newly built premises. Aspria also took over the running of the public bathing area though since 2009 over half of the bathing area is only accessible to members of the private Aspria club.</p><br>
<h3>Exercising</h3><br>
<p>With its proximity to the centre of Hanover, the Maschsee is a popular recreation area for the city’s walkers and joggers. In 2005 a 6 km long route around the lake was mapped out by the German Athletics Association. This track runs along the footpath, closer to the water than the asphalt-coated cycle path. Since 2003 the cycle path has also been open for roller skating usage.</p><br>
<h3>Ice activities</h3><br>
<p>If the lake freezes in Winter with the thickness of the ice exceeding 13 cm, then the city authorities hoist a flag at the northern shore of the lake to indicate that it is permitted to go onto the ice. In periods of constant cold weather the lake can draw more than 10,000 visitors a day for activities such as ice skating and ice hockey. If the ice thickness reaches 20 cm then stalls can even be erected upon the ice too; this last occurred in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Art works</h2><br>
<p>Notable works of art on the northern side of the lake are the 6 metre high red steel "Hellebardier" sculpture by Alexander Calder (1972) as well as the bronze Olympic torchbearer that stands atop an 18.5 metre-high stone column and "Putto on the Fish" that were both created by Hermann Scheuernstuhl (1936).</p><br>
<p>Other sculptures on the eastern side are the "Menschenpaar" by Georg Kolbe (1936–37) and two lion sculptures created by Arno Breker (1938). In 1948 Erich Haberland unveiled his piece "The Swimmer", which stands in the public bathing area.</p><br>
<p>Spanish artist Santiago Sierra caused a sensation in 2005 when he remembered the fact that the Maschsee was built through a Nazi work programme by installing a walk-in room filled with mud at the Kestner Society Art Gallery.</p><br>
<p>A light art project was held around the lake at the start of 2009 under the title "New Moon on the Lake". The display consisted of 22 illuminated pieces that had been created by international artists, which formed the opening of the 2009 Garden Project in Hanover.</p><br>
<p>File:Hannover Löwen-Bastion (Arno Breker 1938) 2001 by-RaBoe.jpg"The Lion Bastion" by Arno Breker</p><br>
<p>File:Hellebardier von Calder 2011.jpg"Hellebardier" by Alexander Calder</p><br>
<p>File:Putto auf dem Fisch Maschsee Hannover.jpg"Putto on the Fish" by Hermann Scheuernstuhl</p><br>
<p>File:Menschenpaar Plastik Maschsee.jpg"Das Menschenpaar" by Georg Kolbe</p><br>
<p>File:Fackelträger Säule Maschsee 2011.jpgThe Olympic torchbearer column</p><br>
<p>File:Schwimmer Plastik Maschsee.jpg"The Swimmer" by Erich Haberland</p><br>
<h2>Accessibility</h2><br>
<p>The Maschsee lies close to such other notable places as the New City Hall, the Lower Saxony State Museum, the Sprengel Museum, the AWD-Arena (home of the football club Hannover 96), the main city indoor swimming pool as well as the Lower Saxony broadcasting houses of television channels NDR and ZDF.</p><br>
<p>The lake is directly accessible by using the bus stops at the AWD Arena and the Sprengel Museum. Additional bus and tram stops such as the Aegidientorplatz, Schlägerstraße, Geibelstraße, Altenbekener Damm and Döhren Tower also lie in relatively close proximity to the lake.</p><br>
<p>Numerous foot and cycle paths lead to the Maschsee and follow along its shoreline. The western side of the lake, where the club houses of numerous water sport clubs are situated, is only accessible by foot or cycle as vehicles are not permitted without official permission.</p><br>
<p>Nanos  is a karst limestone plateau at the eastern border of the Inner Carniola in southwestern Slovenia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The plateau is about 6 km wide and 12 km long in the northern extension of the Dinaric Alps. The highest point of the plateau is Dry Peak (Suhi vrh, 1,313 m). The plateau is traversed by the Slovene Mountain Trail, the oldest interconnecting trail in Slovenia. The most popular destination on Nanos and part of the trail is Pleša Peak (1,262 m) with the Vojko Lodge (Vojkova koča, named for the Slovene Partisan Janko Premrl, a.k.a. Vojko) below its summit. In 1987, the southern and western slopes of Nanos were declared a regional park with an area of 2,632 hectare.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In Antiquity, Nanos was known as Ocra. Strabo reckoned it the last peak of the Alps. In the 1st century, the pass at Nanos was an important route for civilian and military traffic from Trieste (Tergeste) to Ljubljana (Emona) and beyond to Carnuntum at the Danube. It lost its importance when a faster road connected Emona to Aquileia further north in the 2nd century.</p><br>
<p>Nanos is mentioned as Nanas in Johann Weikhard von Valvasor&#39;s 1689 work The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola.</p><br>
<p>Nanos has an important symbolic place in the history and identity of Littoral Slovenes. In September 1927, the anti-Fascist insurgent organization TIGR was founded on the Nanos Plateau. On 18 April 1942, the Battle of Nanos took place at Nanos. It was one of the first battles between the Partisan insurgence in the Slovene Littoral, led by Janko Premrl, and the Italian Army, and was the beginning of the struggle for the western border between the two nations.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics and economy</h2><br>
<p>There are around 35 residents domiciled on Nanos Plateau. They got electricity in 2006. Their most highly valued product is the Nanos cheese, produced already in the 16th century and, since October 2011, the protected designation of origin label. Today, it is made of cow milk, although before World War II, it was made of sheep milk. The number of sheep on the plateau dropped significantly since then. Residents are also living from tourism.</p><br>
<h2>The Nanos transmitter</h2><br>
<p>The Nanos transmitter is a FM/DAB/TV-broadcasting facility consisting of a 50 m guyed tower, a guyed mast, which may be a bit less tall, and a small guyed mast. The transmitter building has many dishes for radio relay links. The Nanos transmitter went into service in 1962 and played an important role in introducing PAL-standard color TV in the former Yugoslavia. The facility was attacked during the Slovene independence war in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Fictional references</h2><br>
<p>"Codebook of the Cosmos", Vol. IV of the historical novel series Romanike (2006-2014) by Codex Regius begins at Nanos.</p><br>
<p>Swiss Steam Laundry Building, also known as the Swiss Building, is a historic loft building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a Romanesque Revival-style six-story structure. The façade is dominated by two five-story arched bays each consisting of tripartite fenestration at the corners and a cast iron storefront with an ornamental scroll and egg-and-dart molding at the cornice. The interior of the building features iron columns and wood flooring. The first two floors are 20 feet high. The third and fourth floors are 16 feet high, while the uppermost floors are 10 feet high. It was built in 1895 as a manufacturers’ laundry.</p><br>
<p>Swiss Steam Laundry Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Garrett Building is a historic office building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a 13-story, limestone faced skyscraper which combines the Commercial style with Renaissance Revival detailing. It was designed and built in 1913 by the Baltimore architects J.B. Noel Wyatt and William G. Nolting for the Garrett and Sons investment banking company, a leading Baltimore financial institution offering a wide variety of services in several cities.</p><br>
<p>Robert Garrett was an Irish immigrant and merchant who came to Baltimore in 1801 and opened his financial firm in 1819. His son, John W. Garrett, was an American banker, philanthropist, and president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), whose support for the Union was critical in the Civil War. He was a close confidante of Johns Hopkins and George Peabody. Robert Garrett&#39;s great-grandson, Robert Garrett was an Olympic athlete and prominent in Baltimore civic life in the 20th century. Robert Garrett & Sons resided there until 1974 when it merged with Alex. Brown & Sons.</p><br>
<p>The Baltimore law firm Gordon Feinblatt which had leased space in The Garrett Building since 1967, purchased the building in 1981 and then began one of the largest single restoration projects in the history of downtown Baltimore. The project was completed in January, 1984. Since that time, The Garrett Building has been the home of Gordon Feinblatt.</p><br>
<p>The Garrett Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Mercantile Trust and Deposit Company is a historic bank building in Baltimore, designed by the Baltimore architectural firm of Wyatt and Sperry and constructed in 1885. It has a brick-with-stone-ornamentation Romanesque Revival structure, with deeply set windows, round-arch window openings, squat columns with foliated capitals, steeply pitched broad plane roofs, and straight-topped window groups. The interior features a large banking room with a balcony, Corinthian columns and ornate wall plaster work.</p><br>
<p>The Safe Deposit Company on Redwood Street in Baltimore was one of the few buildings that survived the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904. It was "created as a repository of Southern wealth in 1864" This date was not only "one year before the start of the Civil War but one year after the National Bank Act of 1863".</p><br>
<p>Coincidentally, the March 10, 1864 grant of the state charter for the Safe Deposit was on the same day that newspapers reported General Sherman&#39;s arrival in Vicksburg, MS at the end of the Vicksburg Campaign.</p><br>
<p>The February 1904 fire that devastated downtown Baltimore left the Safe Deposit Building still standing. It did, however, sustain some damage when bricks from an adjacent building "fell through the skylight and set fire to the interior". The structural iron in the roof and basement helped to preserve the structure. The exterior and safe deposit boxes survived, but the interior had to be rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>Mercantile Trust and Deposit Company was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Previously the home of Club Dubai, the building was purchased by Modern Globe LLC for $1.25 million in May 2012 for use by the Chesapeake Shakespeare Company. After improvements estimated to cost about $6 million, there are plans to open the Mercantile building as a new venue for the Chesapeake Shakespeare Company in 2014. Plans call for a thrust stage, surrounded on three sides by two mezzanine levels.</p><br>
<p>Camp Chesterfield was founded in 1891 and is the home of the Indiana Association of Spiritualists, located in Chesterfield, Indiana. Camp Chesterfield offers Spiritualist Church services, seminary, and mediumship, faith healing, and spiritual development classes, as well as psychic readings for patrons.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, the camp was designated a historic district, the "Chesterfield Spiritualist Camp District", and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In August 1925, 14 Camp Chesterfield mediums were arrested on charges of obtaining money under false pretences. The charges were filed by a news service reporter who had spent time investigating the camp.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, Don Kemp, later to become one of Indianas most popular mediums and Spiritualism teachers, began visiting Camp Chesterfield in his quest to learn more about the philosophy of Spiritualism and experience the various forms of spirit communication. He reported having had several experiences of spirit visitation in his younger life and continued his search to understand the phenomenon. Camp Chesterfield had become a hot topic of discussion among the citizens of Indianapolis, both positively supported by those who had attended the camp and criticized by doubters. Kemps great-aunt, Bertha Jessup of West Virginia, made seasonal pilgrimages to the camp throughout her adult life and invited Don to the camp to come to his own conclusions. They attended a seance where Kemp received five materializations: "I felt the first three visitations werent authentic but then my brother materialized followed by my Grandma. I knew they were authentic." Kemps convincing detail was his brothers reference to Dons actual birth date which had always been in dispute with the date printed on his birth certificate.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, psychic investigator Andrija Puharich and Tom O&#39;Neill, publisher of the Spiritualist magazine Psychic Observer, arranged to film two seances at Camp Chesterfield using infrared film, intending to procure scientific proof of spirit materializations. The medium was shown the camera beforehand, and was aware that she was being filmed. However, the film revealed obvious fraud on the part of the medium and her cabinet assistant. The expose was published in the 10 July 1960 issue of the Psychic Observer.</p><br>
<p>Well-known writer on paranormal topics Allen Spraggett visited the camp in 1965, and was unconvinced by the spirit materializations during seances:</p><br>
<p>In 1976, M. Lamar Keene, a former medium in Florida and at Camp Chesterfield, confessed to defrauding the public in his book The Psychic Mafia "as told to" Allen Spragett. The book was also provided with a foreword by the writer William V. Rauscher. In the text Spragett and Keene detailed a multitude of common techniques utilized by fraudulent mediums since the 19th century to conjure spirits. Spragett and Keene wrote that beneath the church is a storehouse of personal data about Camp Chesterfield visitors which is collected during church service when parishioners are asked to provide their full name, the names of loved ones they wish to contact, and questions. A medium is blindfolded and claims to read the data through the help of spirit guides. The pieces of paper are not returned to the parishioners; rather, Spragett and Keene wrote, the data is shared freely amongst Camp Chesterfield mediums as well as those networked across the country for use in private hot readings.YouTube:</p><br>
<p>A regular contributor to Fate magazine wrote about a grieving couple who had recently lost their child, and went to Camp Chesterfield hoping to contact their child. However, when they were requested to write down the names of those they wished to contact, they wrote down, along with their child, the names of two fictitious relatives. Later in seances those two nonexistent relatives materialized and spoke to them.</p><br>
<p>In March 2002, The Skeptical Inquirer published a sting operation performed by former magician and prominent skeptical paranormal investigator, Joe Nickell. Nickell exposed further fraud on the part of mediums at Camp Chesterfield.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>Camp Chesterfield was added to the National Register of Historic places because of its significance as a Spiritualist Camp of a type that was widespread in the eastern and Midwestern United States at the start of the 19th century. As was typical for the design of these camps, is contain a common public space at its center surrounded by closely spaced residences. Simple tents and wooden summer cabins were used at Camp Chesterfield&#39;s start in 1890. Shared facilities such as a dining hall, lodging house, tent auditorium, and two seance cabins were also present. None of these structures still exist. As the movement gained in significance at the turn of the century, permanent buildings were added including a church, meeting house, and homes. Several of these buildings still exist, including a 1914 two-story hotel. The last major development phase of the camp occurred after World War II, including a 1949 hotel, 1954 cathedral, and a 1958 art gallery.</p><br>
<p>The historic site consists of 40 contributing buildings, 9 structures, and 2 objects. The structures include several stone bridges and a stone sweathouse, the objects are a Native American memorial and a totem pole.</p><br>
<p>Brusnik is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea. The island is part of the Dalmatian archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The island is located 12 NM west of Komiža, town on island of Vis, and 2 NM south-west from the island of Svetac (Sv. Andrija).</p><br>
<p>The area of the island is 4.5 ha. The east coast is steep and difficult to reach, while the west coast is glacis toward the sea. Brusnik is 320 m long, 205 m wide, and has 30 meter high cliffs.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>In 1951, the island was declared a geological monument of nature.</p><br>
<p>On the island, there is the endemic species black lizard (Podarcis melisellensis pomoensis). The surrounding sea is rich with fish, especially blue fish.</p><br>
